Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte and non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery

ABSTRACT

A non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery using negative-electrode active material having Si, Sn and/or Pb, with high charge-capacity, superior characteristics including discharge-capacity retention rate over long is provided. The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the battery contains carbonate having unsaturated bond and/or halogen and compounds such as LiPF 6  and/or LiBF 4  (first lithium salt) and lithium salt different from the first lithium salt.

This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.12/298,440, filed on Feb. 11, 2009, which is a National Stage ofapplication PCT/JP07/59207, filed on Apr. 27, 2007.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte andnon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery using the same.Particularly, it relates to a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, whichshows superior charge-discharge cycle performance when used for anon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery utilizing anegative-electrode active material having at least one kind of atomselected from the group consisting of Si atom, Sn atom and Pb atom, andalso relates to a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery usingthe non-aqueous liquid electrolyte.

BACKGROUND ART

In recent years, with the reduction in weight and size of electricalappliances, development of a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondarybattery having high energy density, for example lithium secondarybattery, has been advanced. Also, as application field of lithiumsecondary battery is expanded, further improvement in its batterycharacteristics has been desired.

In this situation, a secondary battery based on metal lithium asnegative electrode has been studied as a battery capable of achievinghigher capacity. However, there is a problem that metal lithium grows asdendrite on repeated charges and discharges, and when this reaches thepositive electrode, short circuit in the battery occurs. This has beenthe greatest obstacle in putting a lithium secondary battery based onmetal lithium as negative electrode to practical use.

On the other hand, a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary batteryhas been proposed, in which carbonaceous material capable ofintercalating and deintercalating lithium, such as coke, artificialgraphite or natural graphite, is used for the negative electrode inplace of metal lithium. In such a non-aqueous liquid electrolytesecondary battery, growth of metal lithium as dendrite can be avoidedand therefore, battery life and safety can be improved. When graphite ofthis kind is used as negative electrode, capacity is known to be usuallyof the order of 300 mAh·g⁻¹, 500 mAh·cm⁻³.

In recent years, proposals have been made for the negative-electrodeactive material based on simple metal element capable of forming analloy with lithium such as silicon (Si), tin (Sn) and lead (Pb), analloy containing at least one of these metal elements, or metal compoundcontaining these metal elements (hereafter referred to as“negative-electrode active material containing Si, Sn, Pb and the like”,as appropriate). The capacity of these materials per unit volume is ofthe order of 2000 mAh·cm⁻³ or larger, which is about 4 times that ofgraphites or even larger. Therefore, higher capacity can be obtained byusing these materials.

Although a secondary battery using negative-electrode active materialcontaining Si, Sn, Pb and the like is suitable for realizing highercapacity, there is a decrease in safety, and negative-electrode activematerial deteriorates on repeated charges and discharges, leading toreduced charge-discharge efficiency and deterioration of cycleperformance.

Therefore, in order to secure safety and prevent a decrease in dischargecapacity, a proposal has been made to include cyclic carbonate ester ora polymer of carbonate ester and phosphoric acid triester in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte used for a secondary battery (refer toPatent Document 1). Furthermore, a proposal has been made to add, in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte, a heterocyclic compound having sulfuratom and/or oxygen atom in the ring structure and to form a protectivelayer on the surface of the negative-electrode active material, thusimproving charge-discharge cycle performance (refer to Patent Document2). Moreover, another proposal has been made to add, in the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte, LiB(C₂O₄)₂ to form a protective layer on thenegative electrode, thus improving cycle performance (refer to PatentDocument 3).

-   [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei    11-176470-   [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No.    2004-87284-   [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No.    2005-228565

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problem to be Solved by the Invention

Previous secondary batteries described in Patent Documents 1 and 2 usean element such as silicon (Si) as negative electrode material. Althoughhigher capacity was thereby obtained, they were inadequate with respectto performance on longer-term charge-discharge cycle and, especially,discharge capacity retention rate. In the secondary battery described inPatent Document 3, the cycle performance were inadequate either, maybebecause a protective layer formed by LiB(C₂O₄)₂, which is a salt addedto the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, on the negative electrodeheightened the negative-electrode resistance.

The present invention has been made in view of the above problems.Namely, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery based on a negative-electrodeactive material having at least one kind of atom selected from the groupconsisting of Si atom, Sn atom and Pb atom, having high chargingcapacity and capable of maintaining excellent characteristics,especially discharge capacity retention rate, over a long period oftime, and a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte to be used for it.

Means for Solving the Problem

The present inventors made an intensive effort to solve the aboveproblems and have found that it is possible to solve the above problemsby incorporating a carbonate having at least either an unsaturated bondor a halogen atom and at least one kind of a compound (specificcompound) selected from the group consisting of (A), (B), (C), (D) and(E), to be described later, in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, of anon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery based on anegative-electrode active material having at least one kind of atomselected from the group consisting of Si atom, Sn atom and Pb atom. Thisfinding led to the completion of the present invention.

Namely, the subject matter of the present invention lies in anon-aqueous liquid electrolyte to be used for a non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery comprising a negative electrode and apositive electrode, capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithiumions, and the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, the negative electrodecontaining a negative-electrode active material having at least one kindof atom selected from the group consisting of Si atom, Sn atom and Pbatom,

wherein said non-aqueous liquid electrolyte contains, at least, acarbonate having at least either an unsaturated bond or a halogen atom,and at least one kind selected from the group consisting of (A), (B),(C), (D) and (E) below. (claim 1).

(A) At least one lithium salt of LiPF₆ and LiBF₄ (hereinafter referredto as “first lithium salt”) and at least one kind of lithium salt, whichis different from said first lithium salt, represented by the formula(A-1) below (hereinafter referred to as “second lithium salt”).[Chemical Formula 1]Li_(l)(α_(m)X^(a) _(n))  (A-1)(In the formula (A-1),l represents an integer of 1 or larger and 10 or smaller,m represents an integer of 1 or larger and 100 or smaller,and n represents an integer of 1 or larger and 200 or smaller.α represents any atom selected from the group consisting of boron atom,carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom and phosphorus atom. When m is 2or larger, the two or more of α may be the same as or different fromeach other.X^(a) represents a functional group having at least one kind of atomselected from 14 group to 17 group of the periodic table at its bindingposition to the α. When n is 2 or larger, the two or more of X^(a) maybe the same or different from each other. In addition, two or more X^(a)may be connected to each other to form a ring structure,except such a compound that α is boron atom and X^(a) is represented by(C_(i)H_(2(i-2))O₄)(C_(j)H_(2(j-2))O₄(in this context, i and j each represent, independently of each other,an integer of 2 or larger.)

(B) At least one kind of compound represented by the formula (B-1)below.

(In the formula (B-1), R^(b1) and R^(b2) represent, independently ofeach other, a hydrocarbon group, which may have a substituent, withcarbon number of 15or smaller. R^(b1) and R^(b2) may be connected toeach other to form a ring structure.)

(C) At least one kind of chain compound having one or moresulfur-containing functional groups represented by the formula (C-1)below.[Chemical Formula 3]

O

_(m)

S(═O)_(y)

_(x)

O

_(n)  (C-1)(In the formula (C-1),m and n represent, independently of each other, an integer of 0 or 1,x represents an integer of 1 or 2, andy represents an integer of 0 or larger and 2 or smaller.)

(D) At least one kind of organic phosphorous compound represented by theformula (D-1) below.

(In the formula (D-1),p and q represent, independently of each other, an integer of 0 or 1,andR^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) represent, independently of each other, ahydrocarbon group, which may have a halogen atom, with carbon number of1 or larger and 20 or smaller. Any two of R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) maybe connected to each other to form a ring structure.)

(E) At least one kind of compound represented by the formula (E-1)below.

(In the formula (E-1),X^(e) represents a halogen atom, alkyl group or aryl group. When X^(e)is an alkyl group or aryl group, it may be further substituted with ahalogen atom, alkyl group or aryl group.n represents an integer of 1 or larger and 6 or smaller.When n is 2 or larger, the two or more of X^(e) may be the same ordifferent from each other. In addition, two or more X^(e) may beconnected to each other to form a ring structure or a cage structure.

In this case, it is preferable that, in the above formula (A-1), α isboron atom or phosphorus atom, and X^(a) is a substituent selected fromthe group consisting of fluorine atom, hydrocarbon group, substitutedcarbonyloxy group, alkoxy group, substituted sulfinyloxy group andsubstituted sulfonyloxy group (in this context, when X^(a) is ahydrocarbon group, substituted carbonyloxy group, alkoxy group,substituted sulfinyloxy group or substituted sulfonyloxy group, a partor all of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom. Inaddition, when X^(a) exists plurally, they may be different from or thesame as each other and may be connected to each other to form a ringstructure)

Further, it is preferable that, in the above. formula (A-1), α is carbonatom, nitrogen atom or oxygen atom, and X^(a) is a group represented by—SO₂R^(a0) (in this context, R^(a0) represents fluorine atom or ahydrocarbon group. When R^(a0) is a hydrocarbon group, a part or all ofthe hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom. In addition,when the number of X^(a) is two or more, the two or more of R^(a0) maybe the same or different from each other and further, the two or more ofR^(a0) may be connected to each other to form a ring structure).

Further, it is preferable that, in said non-aqueous liquid electrolyte,the concentration of said first lithium salt is 0.5 mol/liter or higherand 2.5 mol/liter or lower, in said non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, theconcentration of said second lithium salt is 0.001 mol/liter or higherand 1 mol/liter or lower, and the molar ratio of said second lithiumsalt relative to the first lithium salt is 1 or smaller.

Further, it is preferable that said compound represented by the aboveformula (B-1) is a compound in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are connected toeach other directly to form a ring structure.

Further, it is preferable that, in said non-aqueous liquid electrolyte,the concentration of said compound represented by the above formula(B-1) is 0.01 weight % or higher and 5 weight % or lower.

Further, it is preferable that said chain compound having saidsulfur-containing functional group represented by the above formula(C-1) is a compound represented by the formula (C-2) below.[Chemical Formula 6]R^(c1)-A^(c)-R^(c2)  (C-2)(In the formula (C-2),A^(c) represents a sulfur-containing functional group represented by theabove formula (C-1), andR^(c1) and R^(c2) represent, independently of each other, a hydrocarbongroup, which may have a halogen atom, with carbon number of 1 or largerand 20 or smaller.)

Further, it is preferable that said chain compound having saidsulfur-containing functional group represented by the above formula(C-1) is a compound represented by the formula (C-3) below.[Chemical Formula 7](R^(c3)-A^(c)

_(z)R^(c4)  (C-3)(In the formula (C-3),R^(c3) represents a hydrocarbon group, which may have a halogen atom,with carbon number of 1 or larger and 20 or smaller,A^(c) represents a sulfur-containing functional group represented by theabove formula (1) [SIC],z represents an integer of 2 or larger and 4 or smaller, andR^(c4) represents a hydrocarbon group, which may have a halogen atom,with z number of connection parts and with carbon number of 1 or largerand 20 or smaller. In this context, the z number of R^(c3) and A^(c) maybe the same or different from each other, respectively.)

Further, it is preferable that said sulfur-containing functional grouprepresented by the above formula (C-1) is any one of functional groupsrepresented by the formulae (C-4) to (C-10) below.

Further, it is preferable that, in said non-aqueous liquid electrolyte,the concentration of said chain compound having said sulfur-containingfunctional group represented by the above formula (C-1) is 0.01 weight %or higher and 10 weight % or lower.

Further, it is preferable that, in the above formula (D-1), p+q is equalto 1 or 2.

Further, it is preferable that, in the above formula (D-1), p+q is equalto 0.

Further, it is preferable that, in said non-aqueous liquid electrolyte,the concentration of said compound represented by the above formula(D-1) is 0.01 weight % or higher and 10 weight % or lower.

Further, it is preferable that said compound represented by the aboveformula (E-1) is the compound represented by the formula (E-2) below.

(In the formula (E-2),R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) represent, independently of each other,hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group that may be substituted with a halogenatom. In addition, two or three of R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) may beconnected to each other to form a ring structure or cage structure.However, none of or one of R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) is hydrogen atom.Y^(e) represents a halogen atom, alkyl group or aryl group. When Y^(e)is an alkyl group or aryl group, it may be further substituted with ahalogen atom, alkyl group or aryl group.m represents an integer of 0 or larger and 5 or smaller. When m is 2 orlarger, the two or more of Y^(e) may be the same or different from eachother. In addition, two or more Y^(e) may be connected to each other toform a ring structure or cage structure.)

Further, it is preferable that, in the above formula (E-1), at least oneof X^(e) is halogen atom, or an aryl group that may be substituted witha halogen atom.

Further, it is preferable that, in said non-aqueous liquid electrolyte,the concentration of said compound represented by the above formula(E-1) is 0.01 weight % or higher and 10 weight % or lower.

Further, it is preferable that, in said non-aqueous liquid electrolyte,the concentration of said carbonate having at least either anunsaturated bond or a halogen atom is 0.01 weight % or higher, and 70weight % or lower.

Further, it is preferable that said carbonate having at least either anunsaturated bond or a halogen atom is one or more kinds of carbonatesselected from the group consisting of vinylene carbonate, vinylethylenecarbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate andderivatives of these carbonates.

Further, it is preferable to further contain ethylene carbonate and/orpropylene carbonate.

Further, it is preferable to further contain at least one carbonateselected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethylcarbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl-n-propyl carbonate, ethyl-n-propylcarbonate and di-n-propyl carbonate.

Another subject matter of the present invention lies in a non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery comprising a negative electrode anda positive electrode, capable of intercalating and deintercalatinglithium ions, and a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, the negativeelectrode containing a negative-electrode active material having atleast one kind of atom selected from the group consisting of Si atom, Snatom and Pb atom, wherein said non-aqueous liquid electrolyte is anon-aqueous liquid electrolyte as described above.

Advantageous Effect of the Invention

The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery of the presentinvention has high charge capacity and maintains an excellent propertyover a long period. It is excellent especially in discharge capacityretention rate.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention will be explained in detailbelow. The explanation given below on constituent features indicates oneexample of each aspect of the present invention (representative example)and by no means restrictive. It is to be understood that the presentinvention is by no means limited by these examples insofar as they donot depart from the intent of the invention.

[I. Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution]

First, the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention willbe explained.

The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention is anon-aqueous liquid electrolyte to be used for a non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery comprising a negative electrode and apositive electrode, capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithiumions, and a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, the negative electrodecontaining a negative-electrode active material having at least one kindof atom selected from the group consisting of Si atom, Sn atom and Pbatom.

The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention usuallycomprises, as its main components, an electrolyte and non-aqueoussolvent to dissolve it, similarly to a non-aqueous liquid electrolytegenerally used. It further comprises at least one kind of compoundselected from the group consisting of (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E)described later or a combination thereof (the compound and thecombination thereof are hereafter referred to as “specific compound” asappropriate), and at least one kind of carbonate having at least eitheran unsaturated bond or a halogen atom (hereafter referred to as“specific carbonate” as appropriate). It may contain other components(such as an additive).

In the following description, explanation will be given, first, on thespecific compound and specific carbonate, followed by the electrolyteand the non-aqueous solvent. Other components will also be touched upon.

[I-1. Specific Compound]

The specific compound according to the present invention is at least onekind selected from the group consisting of (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E)below.

(A) At least one lithium salt of LiPF₆ and LiBF₄ (hereinafter referredto as “first lithium salt”) and at least one kind of lithium salt, whichis different from the first lithium salt, represented by the formula(A-1) to be described later (hereinafter referred to as “second lithiumsalt”). (The combination of the first lithium salt and the secondlithium salt will be referred to as “specific compound (A)” asappropriate.)(B) At least one kind of compound represented by the formula (B-1) to bedescribed later (hereinafter referred to as “specific compound (B)” asappropriate).(C) At least one kind of chain compound having one or 6 moresulfur-containing functional groups represented by the formula (C-1) tobe described later (hereinafter referred to as “specific compound (C)”as appropriate).(D) At least one kind of organic phosphorous compound represented by theformula (D-1) to be described later (hereinafter referred to as“specific compound (D)” as appropriate).(E) At least one kind of compound represented by the formula (E-1) to bedescribed later (hereinafter referred to as “specific compound (E)” asappropriate).

The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention may containany one kind of the above-mentioned specific compounds (A) to (E) as onekind, or two or more kinds of them in combination in any combination andin any ratio.

In the following, each of the specific compounds (A) to (E) will beexplained in this order.

[I-1-A. Specific Compound (A)]

The specific compound (A) is a combination of the first lithium salt andthe second lithium salt, which are explained below.

[I-1-A-1. First Lithium Salt]

The first lithium salt is at least one lithium salt of LiPF₆ and LiBF₄.

As first lithium salt, either one of LiPF₆ and LiBF₄ can be used alone,or both of them can be used in combination. Of these, it is preferableto use LiPF₆ alone or to use LiPF₆ and LiBF₄ in combination. Thecombined use of LiPF₆ and LiBF₄ is particularly preferable, since effectof preventing capacity decrease caused by a continuous charging can beachieved remarkably for the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of thepresent invention, which contains comparatively large amount ofcarbonate compound in the form of specific carbonate or non-aqueoussolvent to be described later.

The concentration of the first lithium salt in the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte is in the range of usually 0.5 mol/liter or higher,preferably 0.6 mol/liter or higher, more preferably 0.7 mol/liter orhigher, and usually 2.5 mol/liter or lower, preferably 1.8 mol/liter orlower, more preferably 1.5 mol/liter or lower. Whether the concentrationof the first lithium salt is too low or too high, the electricconductivity of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte tends to be too low,leading possibly to decrease in battery characteristics. Incidentally,when both LiPF₆ and LiBF₄ are used in combination, total concentrationof them should fall within the above-mentioned range.

In addition, when both LiPF₆ and LiBF₄ are used in combination as firstlithium salt, the molar ratio of LiBF₄ relative to LiPF₆ is usually0.005 or higher, preferably 0.01 or higher, particularly preferably 0.05or higher, and usually 1 or lower. When the ratio of LiBF₄ relative toLiPF₆ is too high, the electric conductivity of the liquid electrolytemay be too low, leading possibly to decrease in battery characteristics.

[I-1-A-2. Second Lithium Salt]

The second lithium salt is a lithium salt represented by the formula(A-1) below. However, it is assumed that the second lithium salt doesnot include the above-mentioned first lithium salt (LiPF₆, LiBF₄).[Chemical Formula 10]Li_(l)(α_(m)X^(a) _(n))  (A-1)(In the formula (A-1),l represents an integer of 1 or larger and 10 or smaller,m represents an integer of 1 or larger and 100 or smaller,and n represents an integer of 1 or larger and 200 or smaller.α represents any atom selected from the group consisting of boron atom,carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom and phosphorus atom. When m is 2or larger, the two or more of α may be the same or different from eachother.X^(a) represents a functional group having at least one kind of atomselected from the 14 group to 17 group of the periodic table at itsbinding position to the α. When n is 2 or larger, the two or more ofX^(a) may be the same or different from each other. In addition, two ormore X^(a) may be connected to each other to form a ring structure,except such a compound that α is boron atom and X^(a) is(C_(i)H_(2(i-2))O₄)(C_(j)H_(2(j-2))O₄) (in this context, i and j eachrepresent, independently of each other, an integer of 2 or larger.)

More specifically, in the above-mentioned formula (A-1), l represents aninteger of usually 1 or larger, and usually 10 or smaller, preferably 5or smaller, particularly preferably 2 or smaller.

m represents an integer of usually 1 or larger, and usually 100 orsmaller, preferably 50 or smaller, particularly preferably 20 orsmaller.

n represents an integer of usually 1 or larger, and usually 200 orsmaller, preferably 100 or smaller, particularly preferably 20 orsmaller.

In the above formula (A-1), when α is boron atom or phosphorus atom, itis preferable that X^(a) is a substituent selected from the groupconsisting of fluorine atom, hydrocarbon group, substituted carbonyloxygroup, alkoxy group, substituted sulfinyloxy group and substitutedsulfonyloxy group (in this context, when X^(a) is a hydrocarbon group,substituted carbonyloxy group, alkoxy group, substituted sulfinyloxygroup or substituted sulfonyloxy group, a part or all of the hydrogenatoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom. In addition, when X^(a)exists plurally, they may be different from or the same as each otherand may be connected to each other to form a ring structure).Incidentally, the substituent which substituted carbonyloxy group,substituted sulfinyloxy group and substituted sulfonyloxy group possessis usually a hydrocarbon group.

In the above formula (A-1), when α is carbon atom, nitrogen atom oroxygen atom, it is preferable that X^(a) is a group represented by—SO₂R^(a0) (in this context, R^(a0) represents fluorine atom or ahydrocarbon group. When R^(a0) is a hydrocarbon group, a part or all ofthe hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom. In addition,when the number of X^(a) is two or more, the two or more of R^(a0) maybe the same or different from each other and further, the two or more ofR^(a0) may be connected to each other to form a ring structure).

In the following, examples of the second lithium salt will be describedfor each kind of α.

-   -   Second lithium salt in which α is boron atom

Examples of the second lithium salt, in which α in the above formula(A-1) is boron atom, include lithium salts having univalent anionsrepresented by the following formulae (A-2-1) to (A-2-12).

In the above formulae (A-2-1) to (A-2-12), R^(a) represents a univalenthydrocarbon group that may be substituted with a fluorine atom.

R^(a′) represents a bivalent hydrocarbon group that may be substitutedwith a fluorine atom.

R^(a)f represents fluorine atom or a univalent fluorinated carbon group.In the present Description, the term “fluorinated carbon group”indicates a hydrocarbon group in which all the hydrogen atoms aresubstituted with fluorine atoms.

When plural number of R^(a), R^(a′), and/or R^(a)f are present in thesame molecule, they may be the same or may be different from each other.

n represents an integer of 1 or larger, and 4 or smaller.

In the following, explanation will be given on R^(a) and R^(a)′ first.

R^(a) is to be a univalent hydrocarbon group and there is no otherlimitation on its kind. It may be, for example, a saturated hydrocarbongroup, or it may contain one or more unsaturated bonds (carbon to carbondouble bond or carbon to carbon triple bond). It may be chained orcyclic. When it is chained, the chain may be straight or branched.Further, the chain and ring may be connected with each other.

R^(a′) is to be a bivalent hydrocarbon group and there is no otherlimitation on its kind. It may be a saturated hydrocarbon group, or itmay contain one or more unsaturated bonds (carbon to carbon double bondor carbon to carbon triple bond). It may be chained or cyclic. When itis chained, the chain may be straight or branched. Further, the chainand ring may be connected with each other.

The number of carbon atoms of the univalent hydrocarbon group R^(a) isusually 1 or more, and usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less.

The number of carbon atoms of the bivalent hydrocarbon group R^(a′) isusually 1 or more, preferably 2 or more, and usually 24 or less,preferably 16 or less. When the number of carbon atoms of R^(a) andR^(a′) is too many, solubility in solvents tends to decrease.

For the hydrocarbon groups of R^(a) and R^(a′), a part or all of theirhydrogen atoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom (a hydrocarbongroup in which a part or all of its hydrogen atoms are substituted witha fluorine atom is hereinafter collectively referred to as“fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group”. Among them, a hydrocarbongroup in which all of its hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorineatoms is referred to as “fluorinated carbon group”, as mentioned above).When R^(a) and R^(a′) are a fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group, thenumber of the fluorine atoms may be only one or two or more.

Concrete examples will be given first for R^(a) when it is anunsubstituted hydrocarbon group.

Examples of the chained saturated hydrocarbon group include methylgroup, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group,isobutyl group, sec-butyl group and tert-butyl group.

Examples of the cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group include cyclopropylgroup, cyclopentyl group and cyclohexyl group.

Examples of the hydrocarbon group having one or more unsaturated bonds(hereinafter abbreviated as “unsaturated hydrocarbon group”, asappropriate) include vinyl group, 1-propene-1-yl group, 1-propene-2-ylgroup, 2-propene-1-yl group, allyl group, crotyl group, ethynyl group,propargyl group, phenyl group, 2-toluyl group, 3-toluyl group, 4-toluylgroup, xylyl group, benzyl group and cinnamyl group.

Of these hydrocarbon groups, preferable for R^(a) from the standpointsof solubility in liquid electrolyte and ease of industrial availabilityare methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butylgroup, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexylgroup, phenyl group, 2-toluyl group, 3-toluyl group, 4-toluyl group,vinyl group, allyl group, ethynyl group, propargyl group, and benzylgroup. Particularly preferable are methyl group, ethyl group, n-propylgroup, n-butyl group, vinyl group and benzyl group.

Next, concrete examples will be given for R^(a) when it is afluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group.

Examples of the fluorine-substituted chained saturated hydrocarbon groupinclude fluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group,1-fluoroethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group, 1,1-difluoroethyl group,1,2-difluoroethyl group, 2,2-difluoroethyl group, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylgroup, perfluoroethyl group, 1-fluoro-n-propyl group, 2-fluoro-n-propylgroup, 3-fluoro-n-propyl group, 1,1-difluoro-n-propyl group,1,2-difluoro-n-propyl group, 1,3-difluoro-n-propyl group,2,2-difluoro-n-propyl group, 2,3-difluoro-n-propyl group,3,3-difluoro-n-propyl group, 3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl group,2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl group, perfluoro-n-propyl group,1-fluoroisopropyl group, 2-fluoroisopropyl group, 1,2-difluoroisopropylgroup, 2,2-difluoroisopropyl group, 2,2′-difluoroisopropyl group,2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl group, 1-fluoro-n-butyl group,2-fluoro-n-butyl group, 3-fluoro-n-butyl group, 4-fluoro-n-butyl group,4,4,4-trifluoro-n-butyl group, perfluoro-n-butyl group,2-fluoro-tert-butyl group and perfluoro-tert-butyl group.

Examples of the fluorine-substituted cyclic saturated hydrocarbon groupinclude 1-fluorocyclopropyl group, 2-fluorocyclopropyl group,perfluorocyclopropyl group, 1-fluorocyclopentyl group,2-fluorocyclopentyl group, 3-fluorocyclopentyl group,perfluorocyclopentyl group, 1-fluorocyclohexyl group, 2-fluorocyclohexylgroup, 3-fluorocyclohexyl group, 4-fluorocyclohexyl group andperfluorocyclohexyl group.

Examples of the fluorine-substituted unsaturated hydrocarbon groupinclude 2-fluorophenyl group, 3-fluorophenyl group, 4-fluorophenylgroup, 2,3-difluorophenyl group, 2,4-difluorophenyl group,3,5-difluorophenyl group, 2,4,6-trifluorophenyl group, perfluorophenylgroup, 3-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group, 4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group,5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group, 6-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group,2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl group, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl group,5-fluoro-3-methylphenyl group, 6-fluioro-3-methylphenyl group,2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl group, 3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl group,perfluorotoluyl group, 2-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,3-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group, 4-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,5-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group, 6-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,7-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group, 8-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,1-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, 3-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group,4-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, 5-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group,6-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, 7-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group,8-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, perfluoronaphthyl group, 1-fluorovinylgroup, 2-fluorovinyl group, 1,2-difluorovinyl group, 2,2-difluorovinylgroup, perfluorovinyl group, 1-fluoroallyl group, 2-fluoroallyl group,3-fluoroallyl group, perfluoroallyl group, (2-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(3-fluorophenyl)methyl group, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(perfluorophenyl)methyl group and perfluorophenylmethyl group.

Of these fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon groups, preferable as R^(a)from the standpoints of chemical and electrochemical stability and easeof industrial availability are fluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group,trifluoromethyl group, 1-fluoroethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, perfluoroethyl group,3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl group, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl group,perfluoro-n-propyl group, 2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl group,perfluoro-n-butyl group, 2-fluoro-tert-butyl group, perfluoro-tert-butylgroup, 2-fluorocyclohexyl group, 3-fluorocyclohexyl group,4-fluorocyclohexyl group, perfluorocyclohexyl group, 2-fluorophenylgroup, 3-fluorophenyl group, 4-fluorophenyl group, 2,3-difluorophenylgroup, 2,4-difluorophenyl group, 3,5-difluorophenyl group,2,4,6-trifluorophenyl group, perfluorophenyl group, 1-fluorovinyl group,2-fluorovinyl group, perfluorovinyl group, (2-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(3-fluorophenyl)methyl group, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(perfluorophenyl)methyl group and perfluorophenylmethyl group.

Concrete examples of R^(a′) include bivalent, unsubstituted orfluorine-substituted hydrocarbon groups which are obtained by removal ofone arbitrary hydrogen atom or fluorine atom from the univalentunsubstituted or fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon groups mentioned aboveas concrete examples of R^(a). Also concrete examples of R^(a′) includebivalent unsubstituted or fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon groups whichare obtained by bonding of two arbitrary groups of the univalentunsubstituted or fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon groups cited above asconcrete examples of R^(a).

Next, explanation will be given on R^(a)f.

As mentioned above, R^(a)f is fluorine atom or a univalent fluorinatedcarbon group. When R^(a)f is a univalent fluorinated carbon group, thereis no special limitation on the carbon skeleton structure of itsmolecule. For example, it may consist of only a saturated bond (carbonto carbon single bond), or it may contain one or more unsaturated bonds(carbon to carbon double bond or carbon to carbon triple bond). It maybe chained or cyclic. When it is chained, the chain may be straight orbranched. Further, the chain and ring may be connected with each other.

When R^(a)f is a univalent fluorinated carbon group, the number of itscarbon atoms is usually 1 or more, and usually 12 or less, preferably 8or less. When the number of carbon atoms of the fluorinated carbon groupis too many, solubility in solvents tends to decrease.

Next, concrete examples will be given for R^(a)f when it is afluorinated carbon group.

Examples of the chained fluorinated carbon group include trifluoromethylgroup, perfluoroethyl group, perfluoro-n-propyl group,perfluoroisopropyl group, perfluoro-n-butyl group andperfluoro-tert-butyl group.

Examples of the cyclic fluorinated carbon group includeperfluorocyclopropyl group, perfluorocyclopentyl group andperfluorocyclohexyl group.

Examples of the fluorinated carbon group having one or more unsaturatedbonds (hereinafter abbreviated as “unsaturated fluorinated carbongroup”, as appropriate) include perfluorophenyl group, perfluorotoluylgroup, perfluoronaphthyl group, perfluorovinyl group, perfluoroallylgroup, (perfluorophenyl)methyl group and perfluorophenylmethyl group.

Of these fluorinated carbon groups, preferable as R^(a)f from thestandpoints of solubility of salts, electric conductivitycharacteristics, or the like are trifluoromethyl group, perfluoroethylgroup, perfluoro-n-propyl group and perfluoroisopropyl group.Particularly preferable are trifluoromethyl group and perfluoroethylgroup.

Next, concrete examples will be given for univalent anions representedby the above formulae (A-2-1) to (A-2-12).

Examples of the second lithium salt, in which α is boron atom, includelithium salts having a cluster anion represented by the formulaB₁₂F_(x)Z_(12-x), in addition to lithium salts having univalent anionsrepresented by the above formulae (A-2-1) to (A-2-12). X represents aninteger of 5 or larger and 11 or smaller. Z represents H, Cl or Br.

Concrete examples of the cluster anion represented by the formulaB₁₂F_(x)Z_(12-x) include Li₂B₁₂F₅H₇, Li₂B₁₂F₆H₆, Li₂B₁₂F₇H₅, Li₂B₁₂F₈H₄,Li₂B₁₂F₉H₃, Li₂B₁₂F₁₀H₂ and Li₂B₁₂F₁₁H₁.

-   -   Second lithium salt in which α is phosphorus atom:

Examples of the second lithium salt, in which α in the above formula(A-1) is phosphorus atom, include lithium salts having univalent anionsrepresented by the following formulae (A-3-1) to (A-3-18)

In the above formulae (A-3-1) to (A-3-18), R^(a) represents a univalenthydrocarbon group that may be substituted with a fluorine atom.

R^(a′) represents a bivalent hydrocarbon group that may be substitutedwith a fluorine atom.

R^(a)f represents fluorine atom or a univalent fluorinated carbon group.

When plural number of R^(a), R^(a′), and/or R^(a)f are present in thesame molecule, they may be the same or may be different from each other.

n′ represents an integer of 1 or larger, and 6 or smaller.

m represents an integer of 1 or larger, and 3 or smaller.

The details such as the kind and the number of carbon atoms of R^(a),R^(a′) and R^(a)f are the same as described previously for R^(a), R^(a′)and R^(a)f in the above formulae (A-2-1) to (A-2-12). Concrete examplesof R^(a), R^(a′) and R^(a)f include the same concrete examples citedearlier for R^(a), R^(a′) and R^(a)f in the above formulae (A-2-1) to(A-2-12).

Next, concrete examples will be given for univalent anions representedby the above formulae (A-3-1) to (A-3-18).

-   -   Second lithium salt in which α is nitrogen atom:

Examples of the second lithium salt, in which α in the above formula(A-1) is nitrogen atom, include lithium salts having univalent anionsrepresented by the following formula (A-4-1).

In the above formula (A-4-1), R^(a1) and R^(a2) are fluorine atom or aunivalent hydrocarbon group that may be substituted with a fluorineatom. R^(a1) and R^(a2) may be the same or may be a different from eachother.

In the above formula (A-4-1), no particular limitation is imposed on thekind of R^(a1) and R^(a2) when they are a univalent hydrocarbon group.It may be, for example, a saturated hydrocarbon group, or it may containone or more unsaturated bonds (carbon to carbon double bond or carbon tocarbon triple bond). It may be chained or cyclic. When it is chained,the chain may be straight or branched. Further, the chain and ring maybe connected with each other.

When R^(a1) and R^(a2) are a univalent hydrocarbon group, the number oftheir carbon atoms is usually 1 or more, and usually 9 or less,preferably 7 or less. When the number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbongroups are too many, solubility in solvents tends to decrease.

As described above, when R^(a1) and R^(a2) are a hydrocarbon group, allor part of their hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom.When R^(a1) and R^(a2) are a fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group, thenumber of the fluorine atom may be only one or two or more.

In the following, concrete examples will be given for R^(a1) and R^(a2)when they are an unsubstituted hydrocarbon group.

Examples of the chained saturated hydrocarbon group include methylgroup, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group,isobutyl group, sec-butyl group and tert-butyl group.

Examples of the cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group include cyclopropylgroup, cyclopentyl group and cyclohexyl group.

Examples of the unsaturated hydrocarbon group include vinyl group,1-propene-1-yl group, 1-propene-2-yl group, 2-propene-1-yl group, allylgroup, crotyl group, ethynyl group, propargyl group, phenyl group,2-toluyl group, 3-toluyl group, 4-toluyl group, xylyl group, benzylgroup and cinnamyl group.

Of these unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups, preferable as R^(a1) andR^(a2) from the standpoints of solubility in liquid electrolyte and easeof industrial availability are methyl group, ethyl group, n-propylgroup, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group,cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, phenyl group, 2-toluyl group,3-toluyl group, 4-toluyl group, vinyl group, allyl group, ethynyl group,propargyl group, and benzyl group. Particularly preferable are methylgroup, ethyl group, n-propyl group, phenyl group, vinyl group and allylgroup.

Next, concrete examples will be given for R^(a1) and R^(a2) when theyare a fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group.

Examples of the fluorine-substituted chained saturated hydrocarbon groupinclude fluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group,1-fluoroethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group, 1,1-difluoroethyl group,1,2-difluoroethyl group, 2,2-difluoroethyl group, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylgroup, perfluoroethyl group, 1-fluoro-n-propyl group, 2-fluoro-n-propylgroup, 3-fluoro-n-propyl group, 1,1-difluoro-n-propyl group,1,2-difluoro-n-propyl group, 1,3-difluoro-n-propyl group,2,2-difluoro-n-propyl group, 2,3-difluoro-n-propyl group,3,3-difluoro-n-propyl group, 3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl group,2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl group, perfluoro-n-propyl group,1-fluoroisopropyl group, 2-fluoroisopropyl group, 1,2-difluoroisopropylgroup, 2,2-difluoroisopropyl group, 2,2′-difluoroisopropyl group,2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl group, 1-fluoro-n-butyl group,2-fluoro-n-butyl group, 3-fluoro-n-butyl group, 4-fluoro-n-butyl group,4,4,4-trifluoro-n-butyl group, perfluoro-n-butyl group,2-fluoro-tert-butyl group and perfluoro-tert-butyl group.

Examples of the fluorine-substituted chained [SIC] saturated hydrocarbongroup include 1-fluorocyclopropyl group, 2-fluorocyclopropyl group,perfluorocyclopropyl group, 1-fluorocyclopentyl group,2-fluorocyclopentyl group, 3-fluorocyclopentyl group,perfluorocyclopentyl group, 1-fluorocyclohexyl group, 2-fluorocyclohexylgroup, 3-fluorocyclohexyl group, 4-fluorocyclohexyl group andperfluorocyclohexyl group.

Example of the fluorine-substituted unsaturated hydrocarbon groupinclude 2-fluorophenyl group, 3-fluorophenyl group, 4-fluorophenylgroup, 2,3-difluorophenyl group, 2,4-difluorophenyl group,3,5-difluorophenyl group, 2,4,6-trifluorophenyl group, perfluorophenylgroup, 3-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group, 4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group,5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group, 6-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group,2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl group, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl group,5-fluoro-3-methylphenyl group, 6-fluioro-3-methylphenyl group,2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl group, 3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl group,perfluorotoluyl group, 2-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,3-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group, 4-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,5-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group, 6-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,7-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group, 8-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,1-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, 3-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group,4-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, 5-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group,6-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, 7-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group,8-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, perfluoronaphthyl group, 1-fluorovinylgroup, 2-fluorovinyl group, 1,2-difluorovinyl group, 2,2-difluorovinylgroup, perfluorovinyl group, 1-fluoroallyl group, 2-fluoroallyl group,3-fluoroallyl group, perfluoroallyl group, (2-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(3-fluorophenyl)methyl group, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(perfluorophenyl)methyl group and perfluorophenylmethyl group.

Of these fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon groups, preferable as R^(a1)and R^(a2) from the standpoints of chemical and electrochemicalstability and ease of industrial availability are fluoromethyl group,difluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group, 1-fluoroethyl group,2-fluoroethyl group, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, perfluoroethyl group,3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl group, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl group,perfluoro-n-propyl group, 2,2,2,2′2′2′-hexafluoroisopropyl group,perfluoro-n-butyl group, 2-fluoro-tert-butyl group, perfluoro-tert-butylgroup, 2-fluorocyclohexyl group, 3-fluorocyclohexyl group,4-fluorocyclohexyl group, perfluorocyclohexyl group, 2-fluorophenylgroup, 3-fluorophenyl group, 4-fluorophenyl group, 2,3-difluorophenylgroup, 2,4-difluorophenyl group, 3,5-difluorophenyl group,2,4,6-trifluorophenyl group, perfluorophenyl group, 1-fluorovinyl group,2-fluorovinyl group, perfluorovinyl group, (2-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(3-fluorophenyl)methyl group, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(perfluorophenyl)methyl group and perfluorophenylmethyl group.

In particular, a univalent fluorinated carbon group is preferable asR^(a1) and R^(a2). Examples of the univalent fluorinated hydrocarbongroup include trifluoromethyl group, perfluoroethyl group,perfluoro-n-propyl group, perfluoroisopropyl group, perfluoro-n-butylgroup and perfluoro-tert-butyl group.

When α is nitrogen atom, the following compounds include as concreteexamples: LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂, LiN(SO₂C₂F₅)₂, LiN(SO₂C₃F₇)₂,LiN(SO₂CF₃)(SO₂C₄F₉).

In the above formula (A-1), as other examples of the second lithium saltin which α is nitrogen atom, lithium salts having univalent cyclicanions represented by the formula (A-4-2) below include.

In the above formula (A-4-2), R^(a3) is a biivalent hydrocarbon groupthat may be substituted with a fluorine atom.

No particular limitation is imposed on the kind of the hydrocarbon groupof R^(a3). It may be a saturated hydrocarbon group, or it may containone or more unsaturated bonds (carbon to carbon double bond or carbon tocarbon triple bond). It may be chained or cyclic. When it is chained,the chain may be straight or branched. Further, the chain and ring maybe connected with each other.

For the hydrocarbon group of R^(a3), a part or all of its hydrogen atommay be substituted with a fluorine atom. When R^(a3) is afluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group, the number of the fluorine atommay be only one or two or more.

The number of carbon atoms of R^(a3) is usually 1 or more, preferably 2or more, and usually 12 or less, preferably 8 or less. When the numberof carbon atoms of R^(a3) are too many, solubility tends to decrease.

When R^(a3) is a bivalent hydrocarbon group, concrete examples thereofinclude ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group,pentamethylene group, propylene group, 2-methyltrimethylene group andneopentylene group.

On the other hand, when R^(a3) is a fluorine-substituted hydrocarbongroup, fluorinated carbon group is particularly preferable. Concreteexamples thereof are perfluoroethylene group and perfluorotrimethylenegroup.

Concrete examples of the lithium salt having univalent cyclic anionsrepresented by the formula (A-4-2) above include lithium cyclic1,2-ethanedisulfonylimide, lithium cyclic 1,3-propanedisulfonylimide,lithium cyclic 1,2-perfluoroethanedisulfonylimide, lithium cyclic1,3-perfluoropropanedisulfonylimide and lithium cyclic1,4-perfluorobutanedisulfonylimide.

Of these, preferable are lithium cyclic1,2-perfluoroethanedisulfonylimide and lithium cyclic1,3-perfluoropropanedisulfonylimide.

-   -   Second lithium salt in which α is carbon atom:

Examples of the second lithium salt, in which α in the above formula(A-1) is carbon atom, include univalent anions [SIC] represented by thefollowing formula (A-5).

In the above formula (A-5), R^(a4), R^(a5) and R^(a6) are fluorine atomor a univalent hydrocarbon group that may be substituted with a fluorineatom. R^(a4), R^(a5) and R^(a6) may be the same or may be different fromeach other.

When R^(a4), R^(a5) and R^(a6) are an unsubstituted orfluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group, the details such as its kind orthe number of carbon atoms are the same as described previously forR^(a1) and R^(a2) in the above formula (A-4-1). Concrete examples ofR^(a4), R^(a5) and R^(a6), when they are an unsubstituted orfluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group, include the same concreteexamples cited for R^(a1) and R^(a2) in the above formula (A-4-1).

Concrete examples of the lithium salt having univalent anionsrepresented by the above formula (A-5) include LiC(SO₂CF₃)₃,LiC(SO₂C₂F₅)₃ and LiC(SO₂C₃F₇)₃.

-   -   Second lithium salt in which α is oxygen atom:

Examples of the second lithium salt, in which α in the above formula(A-1) is oxygen atom, include univalent anions [SIC] represented by thefollowing formula (A-6).

In the above formula (A-6), R^(a7) is fluorine atom or a univalenthydrocarbon group that may be substituted with a fluorine atom.

When R^(a7) is an unsubstituted or fluorine-substituted hydrocarbongroup, the details such as its kind or the number of carbon atoms arethe same as described previously for R^(a1) and R^(a2) in the aboveformula (A-4-1). Concrete examples of R^(a7), when it is anunsubstituted or fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon group, include thesame concrete examples cited earlier for R^(a1) and R^(a2) in the aboveformula (A-4-1).

Of the lithium salts having univalent anions represented by the aboveformula (A-6), those containing sulfonyloxide are preferable because ofeasy availability and good solubility. Concrete examples includeLiSO₃CF₃, LiSO₃C₂F₅, LiSO₃C₃F₇ and LiSO₃C₄F₈ [SIC].

No particular limitation is imposed on the molecular weight of thesecond lithium salt, insofar as the advantage of the present inventionis not significantly impaired. However, it is usually 50 or larger,preferably 100 or larger, and usually 600 or smaller, preferably 500 orsmaller. When the molecular weight of the second lithium salt is toolarge, solubility in solvents tends to decrease.

There is no special limitation on the method of production of the secondlithium salt and any known method can be selected and used.

The second lithium salt explained above may be included in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention either as asingle one or as a combination of two or more kinds in any combinationand in any ratio.

The concentration of the second lithium salt in the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte is in the range of usually 0.001 mol/liter or higher,preferably 0.01 mol/liter or higher, more preferably 0.02 mol/liter orhigher, and usually 1 mol/liter or lower, preferably 0.5 mol/liter orlower, more preferably 0.3 mol/liter or lower, particularly preferably0.2 mol/liter or lower. When the concentration of the second lithiumsalt is too low, it is difficult to suppress the gas evolution at thetime of continuous charging and the capacity decrease sufficiently. Onthe contrary, when the concentration of the second lithium salt is toohigh, the battery characteristics after high-temperature storage tend todecrease. Incidentally, when two or more kinds of second lithium saltsare used in combination, the total concentration of them should fallwithin the above-mentioned range.

[I-1-A-3. Others]

There is no special limitation on the ratio of the second lithium saltrelative to the first lithium salt, in the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte of the present invention. The molar ratio of ((secondlithium salt)/(first lithium salt)) is usually 0.005 or higher,preferably 0.01 or higher, particularly preferably 0.02 or higher, andusually 1 or lower, preferably 0.5 or lower, particularly preferably 0.2or lower. When the molar ratio exceeds the upper limit, the batterycharacteristics after constant-temperature [SIC] storage tend todecrease. When it falls below the above lower limit, it is difficult tosuppress the gas evolution at the time of continuous charging and thecapacity decrease sufficiently.

By incorporating the above-mentioned first and second lithium salt (thespecific compound (A)) and the specific carbonate in a non-aqueousliquid electrolyte, it is possible to improve the charge-discharge cycleperformance of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary batteryusing the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. The detailed reason is notclear, but inferred as follows. Namely, through the reaction between thefirst and second lithium salt (specific compound (A)) and the specificcarbonate contained in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, an effectiveprotective layer is formed on the surface of the negative-electrodeactive material, leading to the suppression of side reactions. Cycledeterioration is thus inhibited. The details of this reaction is notclear, but it is inferred that coexistence of the first and secondlithium salts and the specific carbonate in the liquid electrolyte cansomehow contribute to enhancement in the protective layercharacteristics.

[I-1-B. Specific Compound (B)]

Specific compound (B) is an acid anhydride represented by the formula(B-1) below.

(In the formula (B-1), R^(b1) and R^(b2) represent, independently ofeach other, a hydrocarbon group, which may have a substituent, withcarbon number of 15 or smaller. R^(b1) and R^(b2) may be connected toeach other to form a ring structure.)

No particular limitation is imposed on the kind of R^(b1) and R^(b2), solong as they are a univalent hydrocarbon group. They may be, forexample, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic hydrocarbon group ora combination of aliphatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic hydrocarbongroup. The aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be a saturated hydrocarbongroup, or it may contain one or more unsaturated bonds (carbon to carbondouble bond or carbon to carbon triple bond). In addition, the aliphatichydrocarbon group may be chained or cyclic. When it is chained, thechain may be straight or branched. Further, the chain and ring may beconnected with each other. R^(b1) and R^(b2) may be the same ordifferent.

When R^(b1) and R^(b2) are bonded to each other to form a ringstructure, R^(b1) and R^(b2) constitute a bivalent hydrocarbon group. Noparticular limitation is imposed on the kind of the bivalent hydrocarbongroup. It may be an aliphatic group, aromatic group, or a combination ofaliphatic group and aromatic group. When it is an aliphatic group, itmay be a saturated group or unsaturated group. It may be chained orcyclic. When it is chained, the chain may be straight or branched.Further, the chain group and cyclic group may be connected together.

When the hydrocarbon group of R^(b1) and R^(b2) has a substituent, thereis no special limitation on the kind of the substituent, insofar as theintent of the present invention is not significantly impaired. Examplesinclude halogen atoms such as fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atomand iodine atom, and a substituent containing a functional group such asester group, cyano group, carbonyl group and ether group. Thehydrocarbon group of R^(b1) and R^(b2) may have 1 of these substituentor 2 or more. When they have 2 or more substituents, they may be thesame or different from each other.

The number of carbon atoms of each hydrocarbon group R^(b1) and R^(b2)is 15 or less, as described above. It is preferably 12 or less, morepreferably 10 or less, and usually 1 or more. When R^(b1) and R^(b2) arebonded together to form a bivalent hydrocarbon group, the number ofcarbon atoms of the bivalent hydrocarbon group is usually 30 or less,preferably 15 or less, more preferably 10 or less, and usually it is 1or more. When the hydrocarbon group of R^(b1) and R^(b2) has asubstituent containing carbon atoms, the total number of carbon atomsincluding those of the substituent should preferably fall within theabove range.

Concrete examples of the hydrocarbon groups constituting R^(b1) andR^(b2) will be given below.

First, examples of the aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon group includechained alkyl group and cyclic alkyl group.

Concrete examples of the chained alkyl group include methyl group, ethylgroup, 1-propyl group, 1-methylethyl group, 1-butyl group,1-methylpropyl group, 2-methylpropyl group, 1,1-dimethylethyl group,1-pentyl group, 1-methylbutyl group, 1-ethylpropyl group, 2-methylbutylgroup, 3-methylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylpropyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropylgroup, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, 1-hexyl group, 1-methylpentyl group,1-ethylbutyl group, 2-methylpentyl group, 3-methylpentyl group,4-methylpentyl group, 2-ethylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylbutyl group,2,3-dimethylbutyl group, 3,3-dimethylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylbutylgroup, 1,2-dimethylbutyl group, 1,3-dimethylbutyl group,1,1,2-trimethylpropyl group, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl group,1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl group and 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl group.

Concrete examples of the cyclic alkyl group include cyclopentyl group,2-methylcyclopentyl group, 3-methylcyclopentyl group,2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl group, 2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl group,2,4-dimethylcyclopentyl group, 2,5-dimethylcyclopentyl group,3,3-dimethylcyclopentyl group, 3,4-dimethylcyclopentyl group,2-ethylcyclopentyl group, 3-ethylcyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group,2-methylcyclohexyl group, 3-methylcyclohexyl group, 4-methylcyclohexylgroup, 2,2-dimethylcyclohexyl group, 2,3-dimethylcyclohexyl group,2,4-dimethylcyclohexyl group, 2,5-dimethylcyclohexyl group,2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl group, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexyl group,3,4-dimethylcyclohexyl group, 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl group,2-ethylcyclohexyl group, 3-ethylcyclohexyl group, 4-ethylcyclohexylgroup, bicyclo[3,2,1]octa-1-yl group and bicyclo[3,2,1]octa-2-yl group.

On the other hand, examples of the aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include alkenyl group and alkynyl group. The number of theunsaturated bond included in an aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbon groupmay be either only one or two or more.

Concrete examples of alkenyl group include vinyl group, allyl group,1-methylvinyl group, 2-methylvinyl group, 1-butenyl group,1-methylenepropyl group, 1-methyl-2-propenyl group, 3-butenyl group,2-butenyl group, 1-methyl-1-propenyl group, 2-methyl-1-propenyl group,2-methyl-2-propenyl group, 1-pentenyl group, 1-methylenebutyl group,1-ethyl-2-propenyl group, 1-methyl-3-butene-1-yl group, 4-pentenylgroup, 2-pentenyl group, 1-methyl-1-butenyl group, 1-ethyl-1-propenylgroup, 1-methyl-2-butenyl group, 3-pentenyl group, 2-methyl-1-butenylgroup, 2-methylenebutyl group, 1,2-dimethyl-2-propenyl group,3-methyl-3-butenyl group, 2-methyl-2-butenyl group,1,2-dimethyl-1-propenyl group, 3-methyl-2-butenyl group,2-methyl-3-butenyl group, 1-methylene-2-methylpropyl group,3-methyl-1-butenyl group, 1-hexenyl group, 1-methylenepentyl group,1-allylbutyl group, 1-ethyl-3-butenyl group, 1-methyl-4-pentenyl group,5-hexenyl group, 2-hexenyl group, 1-methyl-1-pentenyl group,1-ethylidenebutyl group, 1-ethyl-2-butyl group, 1-methyl-3-pentenylgroup, 4-hexenyl group, 3-hexenyl group, 1-methyl-2-pentenyl group,1-ethyl-1-butenyl group, 2-methylenepentyl group, 2-methyl-1-pentenylgroup, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propenyl group, 1,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl group,4-methyl-4-pentenyl group, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl group,1-ethyl-2-methyl-1-propenyl group, 1,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl group,4-methyl-3-pentenyl group, 2-methyl-3-pentenyl group,1,1-dimethyl-2-butenyl group, 1-isopropyl-1-pentenyl group,1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl group, 4-methyl-2-pentenyl group,2-methyl-4-pentenyl group, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butenyl group,1-isopropyl-2-propenyl group, 3-methyl-1-methylenebutyl group,4-methyl-1-pentenyl group, 2,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl group,3-methyl-2-methylenebutyl group, 1,1,2-trimethyl-2-propenyl group,2,3-dimethyl-3-butenyl group, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl group,2,2-dimethyl-3-butenyl group, 2,2-dimethyl-1-methylenepropyl group and3,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl group.

Alkenyl group may exist as (E) to (Z) isomers depending on theconfiguration around carbon to carbon double bond. In the presentinvention, any of the isomers can be used.

Concrete examples of the alkynyl group include ethynyl group, 1-propynylgroup, 2-propynyl group, 1-butynyl group, 1-methyl-2-propynyl group,3-butynyl group, 2-butynyl group, 1-pentynyl group, 1-ethyl-2-propynylgroup, 1-methyl-3-butynyl group, 4-pentynyl group, 2-pentynyl group,1-methyl-2-butynyl group, 3-pentynyl group, 3-methyl-1-butynyl group,1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl group, 2-methyl-3-butynyl group, 1-hexynylgroup, 1-ethynylbutyl group, 1-ethyl-3-butynyl group,1-methyl-4-pentynyl group, 5-hexynyl group, 2-hexynyl group,1-ethyl-2-butynyl group, 1-methyl-3-pentynyl group, 2-hexynyl group,3-hexynyl group, 1-methyl-2-pentynyl group, 4-methyl-1-pentynyl group,1-isopropyl-2-propynyl group, 1,1-dimethyl-3-butynyl group,2-methyl-4pentynyl group, 4-methyl-2-pentynyl group, 1,1dimethyl-2-butynyl group, 2-methyl-3-pentynyl group, 3-methyl-1-pentynylgroup, 1-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propynyl group, 2-ethyl-3-butynyl group,1,2-dimethyl-3-butynyl group and 3-methyl-4-pentynyl group.

Example of the aromatic hydrocarbon group include an aryl group.

Concrete examples of the aryl group are phenyl group, 2-methylphenylgroup, 3-methylphenyl group, 4-methylphenylgroup, 2,3-dimethylphenylgroup, 2,4-dimethylphenyl group, 2,5-dimethylphenyl group,2,6-dimethylphenyl group, 2,3,4-trimethylphenyl group,2,3,5-trimethylphenyl group, 2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group,2,4,5-trimethylphenyl group, 2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group,2,5,6-trimethylphenyl group, 3,4,5-trimethylphenyl group,2,3,4,5-tetramethylphenyl group, 2,3,4,6-tetramethylphenyl group,2,4,5,6-tetramethylphenyl group, pentamethylphenyl group, 1-naphthylgroup and 2-naphthyl group.

Concrete examples of the bivalent hydrocarbon group formed by bonding ofR^(b1) and R^(b2) include methylene group, ethylene group,propane-1,2-diyl group, propane-1,3-diyl group, butane-1,2-diyl group,butane-1,3-diyl group, butane-1,4-diyl group, butane-2,3-diyl group,ethene-1,2-diyl group, propene-1,2-diyl group, propene-1,3-diyl group,propene-2,3-diyl group, 1-butene-1,2-diyl group, 1-butene-1,3-diylgroup, 1-butene-1,4-diyl group, 1-butene-2,3-diyl group,1-butene-2,4-diyl group, 1-butene-3,4-diyl group, 2-butene-1,2-diylgroup, 2-butene-1,3-diyl group, 2-butene-1,4-diyl group and2-butene-2,3-diyl group.

Examples of the hydrocarbon group having a substituent include halogenatom-substituted hydrocarbon groups, and hydrocarbon groups having asubstituent containing a functional group such as ester group, cyanogroup, carbonyl group and ether group.

Examples of the halogen atom include fluorine atom, chlorine atom,bromine atom and iodine atom. Of these, fluorine atom, chlorine atom andbromine atom are preferable from the standpoint of capacity retentioneffect. Fluorine atom and chlorine atom are more preferable. Mostpreferable is fluorine atom. In the examples below, hydrocarbon groupssubstituted with fluorine atom are mainly presented as examples. It isto be understood that hydrocarbon groups in which a part or all of thesefluorine atoms are replaced by chlorine atom, bromine atom or iodineatom are also included in the example groups.

Concrete examples of the chained alkyl group that are substituted withhalogen atom include: fluorine-substituted alkyl group such asfluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group,1-fluoroethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group, 1,1-difluoroethyl group,1,2-difluoroethyl group, 2,2-difluoroethyl group, 1,1,2-trifluoroethylgroup, 1,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group,1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl group, 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl group andperfluoroethyl group; chlorine-substituted alkyl group such aschloromethyl group, dichloromethyl group, trichloromethyl group,1-chloroethyl group, 2-chloroethyl group, 1,1-dichloroethyl group,1,2-dichloroethyl group, 2,2-dichloroethyl group, 1,1,2-trichloroethylgroup, 1,2,2-trichloroethyl group, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl group,1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl group, 1,2,2,2-tetrachloroethyl group andperchloroethyl group.

Concrete examples of the cyclic alkyl group that is substituted with ahalogen atom include 2-fluorocyclopentyl group, 3-fluorocyclopentylgroup, 2,3-difluorocyclopentyl group, 2,4-difluorocyclopentyl group,2,5-difluorocyclopentyl group, 3,4-difluorocyclopentyl group,2-fluorocyclohexyl group, 3-fluorocyclohexyl group, 4-fluorocyclohexylgroup, 2,3-difluorocyclohexyl group, 2,4-difluorocyclohexyl group,2,5-difluorocyclohexyl group, 2,6-difluorocyclohexyl group,3,4-difluorocyclohexyl group, 3,5-difluorocyclohexyl group,2,3,4-trifluorocyclohexyl group, 2,3,5-trifluorocyclohexyl group,2,3,6-trifluorocyclohexyl group, 2,4,5-trifluorocyclohexyl group,2,4,6-trifluorocyclohexyl group, 2,5,6-trifluorocyclohexyl group,3,4,5-trifluorocyclohexyl group, 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorocyclohexyl group,2,3,4,6-tetrafluorocyclohexyl group, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorocyclohexyl groupand pentafluorocyclohexyl group.

Concrete examples of the alkenyl group that is substituted with ahalogen atom include 1-fluorovinyl group, 2-fluorovinyl group,1,2-difluorovinyl group, 2,2-difluorovinyl group, 1,2,2-trifluorovinylgroup, 1-fluoro-1-propenyl group, 2-fluoro-1-propenyl group,3-fluoro-1-propenyl group, 1,2-difluoro-1-propenyl group,1,3-difluoro-1-propenyl group, 2,3-difluoro-1-propenyl group,3,3-difluoro-1-propenyl group, 1,2,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl group,1,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl group, 2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl group,3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl group, 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propenyl group,1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propenyl group, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propenylgroup, 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propenyl group, 2-fluoro-1-methylvinylgroup, 1-fluoromethylvinyl group, 2-fluoro-1-fluoromethylvinyl group,1-difluoromethylvinyl group, 2,2-difluoro-1-methylvinyl group,2,2-difluoro-1-fluoromethylvinyl group, 2-fluoro-1-difluoromethylvinylgroup, 1-trifluoromethylvinyl group, 2-fluoro-1-trifluoromethylvinylgroup, 2,2-difluoro-1-difluoromethylvinyl group,2,2-difluoro-1-trifluoromethylvinyl group, 1-fluoroallyl group,2-fluoroallyl group, 3-fluoroallyl group, 1,1-difluoroallyl group,1,2-difluoroallyl group, 1,3-difluoroallyl group, 2,3-difluoroallylgroup, 3,3-difluoroallyl group, 1,1,2-trifluoroallyl group,1,1,3-trifluoroallyl group, 1,2,3-trifluoroallyl group,1,3,3-trifluoroallyl group, 2,3,3-trifluoroallyl group,1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroallyl group, 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoroallyl group,1,1,2,3-tetrafluoroallyl group, 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoroallyl group,1,2,3,3-tetrafluoroallyl group, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoroallyl group,1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoroallyl group, 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoroallyl group and1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoroallyl group.

Concrete examples of the alkynyl group that is substituted with ahalogen atom include 2-fluoroethynyl group, 3-fluoro-1-propynyl group,3,3-difluoro-1-propynyl group, 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propynyl group,3-fluoro-2-propynyl group, 1-fluoro-2-propynyl group,1,1-difluoro-2-propynyl group, 1,3-difluoro-2-propynyl group and1,1,3-trifluoro-2-propynyl group.

Concrete examples of the aryl group that is substituted with a halogenatom include 2-fluorophenyl group, 3-fluorophenyl group, 4-fluorophenylgroup, 2,3-difluorophenyl group, 2,4-difluorophenyl group,2,5-difluorophenyl group, 2,6-difluorophenyl group,2,3,4-trifluorophenyl group, 2,3,5-trifluorophenyl group,2,3,6-trifluorophenyl group, 2,4,5-trifluorophenyl group,2,3,6-trifluorophenyl group, 2,5,6-trifluorophenyl group,3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl group,2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl group, 2,4,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl group andpentafluorophenyl group.

Concrete examples of the hydrocarbon group having a substituentcontaining an ester group include methoxycarbonylmethyl group,ethoxycarbonylmethyl group, 1-ethoxycarbonylethyl group and2-ethoxycarbonylethyl group.

Concrete examples of the hydrocarbon group that is substituted with acyano group include cyanomethyl group, 1-cyanoethyl group and2-cyanoethyl group.

Concrete examples of the hydrocarbon group having a substituentcontaining a carbonyl group include 1-oxymethyl group, 1-oxypropyl groupand methylcarbonylmethyl group.

Concrete examples of the hydrocarbon group having a substituentcontaining an ether group include methoxymethyl group, ethoxymethylgroup, 1-methoxyethyl group and 2-methoxyethyl group.

Next, explanation will be given on the concrete examples of acidanhydride represented by the above formula (B-1). In the followingexamples, the term “analogous compound” means an acid anhydride obtainedby replacing a part of the structure of exemplified acid anhydrides withanother structure within the scope of the present invention.

First, examples will be given for the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) andR^(b2) are the same group.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are achained alkyl group include acetic acid anhydride, propionic acidanhydride, butanoic acid anhydride, 2-methylpropionic acid anhydride,2,2-dimethylpropionic acid anhydride, 2-methylbutanoic acid anhydride,3-methylbutanoic acid anhydride, 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid anhydride,2,3-dimethylbutanoic acid anhydride, 3,3-dimethylbutanoic acidanhydride, 2,2,3-trimethylbutanoic acid anhydride,2,3,3-trimethylbutanoic acid anhydride, 2,2,3,3-teramethylbutanoic acidanhydride and 2-ethylbutanoic acid anhydride, and their analogouscompounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are acyclic alkyl group include cyclopropane carboxylic acid anhydride,cyclopentane carboxylic acid anhydride and cyclohexane carboxylic acidanhydride and their analogous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) arean alkenyl group include acrylic acid anhydride, 2-methylacrylic acidanhydride, 3-methylacrylic acid anhydride, 2,3-dimethylacrylic acidanhydride, 3,3-dimethylacrylic acid anhydride, 2,3,3-trimethylacrylicacid anhydride, 2-phenylacrylic acid anhydride, 3-phenylacrylic acidanhydride, 2,3-diphenylacrylic acid anhydride, 3,3-diphenylacrylic acidanhydride, 3-butenoic acid anhydride, 2-methyl-3-butenoic acidanhydride, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoic acid anhydride, 3-methyl-3-butenoicacid anhydride, 2-methyl-3-methyl-3-butenoic acid anhydride,2,2-dimethyl-3-methyl-3-butenoic acid anhydride, 3-pentenoic acidanhydride, 4-pentenoic acid anhydride, 2-cyclopentenecarboxylic acidanhydride, 3-cyclopentenecarboxylic acid anhydride and4-cyclopentenecarboxylic acid anhydride and their analogous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) arean alkynyl group include propynic acid anhydride, 3-phenylpropynic acidanhydride, 2-butynic acid anhydride, 2-pentynic acid anhydride,3-butynic acid anhydride, 3-pentynic acid anhydride and 4-pentynic acidanhydride and their analogous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) arean aryl group include benzoic acid anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic acidanhydride, 4-ethylbenzoic acid anhydride, 4-tert-butylbenzoic acidanhydride, 2-methylbenzoic acid anhydride, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acidanhydride, 1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid anhydride and2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid anhydride, and their analogous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) aresubstituted with a halogen atom include mainly compounds described belowwhich are substituted with a fluorine atom. It is to be understood thatacid anhydrides in which a part or all of these fluorine atoms arereplaced by chlorine atom, bromine atom or iodine atom are also includedin the example compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are ahalogen-substituted chained alkyl group include fluoroacetic acidanhydride, difluoroacetic acid anhydride, trifluoroacetic acidanhydride, 2-fluoropropionic acid anhydride, 2,2-difluoropropionic acidanhydride, 2,3-difluoropropionic acid anhydride,2,2,3-trifluoropropionic acid anhydride, 2,3,3-trifluoropropionic acidanhydride, 2,2,3,3-tetrapropionic acid [SIC] anhydride,2,3,3,3-tetrapropionic acid [SIC] anhydride, 3-fluoropropionic acidanhydride, 3,3-difluoropropionic acid anhydride,3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid anhydride and perfluoropropionic acidanhydride, and their analogous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are ahalogen-substituted cyclic alkyl group include2-fluorocyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride,3-fluorocyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride and4-fluorocyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride, and their analogouscompounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are ahalogen-substituted alkenyl group include 2-fluoroacrylic acidanhydride, 3-fluoroacrylic acid anhydride, 2,3-difluoroacrylic acidanhydride, 3,3-difluoroacrylic acid anhydride, 2,3,3-trifluoroacrylicacid anhydride, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid anhydride,3-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid anhydride,2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid anhydride,2,3,3-tris(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid anhydride,2-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic acid anhydride, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic acidanhydride, 2,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic acid anhydride,3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic acid anhydride, 2-fluoro-3-butenoic acidanhydride, 2,2-difluoro-3-butenolic acid anhydride, 3-fluoro-2-butenoicacid anhydride, 4-fluoro-3-butenoic acid anhydride,3,4-difluoro-3-butenoic acid anhydride and 3,3,4-trifluoro-3-butenoicacid anhydride, and their analogous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are ahalogen-substituted alkynyl group include 3-fluoro-2-propynic acidanhydride, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-propynic acid anhydride,3-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-2-propynic acid anhydride,4-fluoro-2-butynic acid anhydride, 4,4-difluoro-2-butynic acid anhydrideand 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynic acid anhydride, and their analogouscompounds.

Concrete examples of acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are ahalogen-substituted aryl group include 4-fluorobenzoic acid anhydride,2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoic acid anhydride and 4-trifluoromethylbenzoicacid anhydride, and their anaologous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) havesubstituents containing a functional group such as ester group, nitrilegroup, ketone group and ether group include alkyl oxalic acid anhydride,2-cyanoacetic acid anhydride, 2-oxopropionic acid anhydride,3-oxobutanoic acid anhydride, 4-acetylbenzoic acid anhydride,methoxyacetic acid anhydride and 4-methoxybenzoic acid anhydride, andtheir analogous compounds.

Next, examples will be given for the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) andR^(b2) are different groups.

All the combinations of R^(b1) and R^(b2), shown above as examplesincluding their analogous compounds, are possible. The representativeexamples will be shown below.

Examples of combination of plural number of chained alkyl groups includeacetic acid propionic acid anhydride, acetic acid butanoic acidanhydride, butanoic acid propionic acid anhydride and acetic acid2-methylpropionic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of chained alkyl group and cyclic alkyl groupinclude acetic acid cyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride, acetic acidcyclohexanecarboxylic acid anhydride and cyclopentanecarboxylic acidpropionic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of chained alkyl group and alkenyl group includeacetic acid acrylic acid anhydride, acetic acid 3-methylacrylic acidanhydride, acetic acid 3-butenoic acid anhydride and acrylic acidpropionic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of chained alkyl group and alkynyl group includeacetic acid propynic acid anhydride, acetic acid 2-butynic acidanhydride, acetic acid 3-butynic acid anhydride, acetic acid3-phenylpropynic acid anhydride and propionic acid propynic acidanhydride.

Examples of combination of chained alkyl group and aryl group includeacetic acid benzoic acid anhydride, acetic acid 4-methylbenzoic acidanhydride, acetic acid 1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid anhydride andbenzoic acid propionic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of chained alkyl group and hydrocarbon grouphaving a functional group include acetic acid fluoroacetic acidanhydride, acetic acid trifluoroacetic acid anhydride, acetic acid4-fluorobenzoic acid anhydride, fluoroacetic acid propionic acidanhydride, acetic acid alkyloxalic acid anhydride, acetic acid2-cyanoacetic acid anhydride, acetic acid 2-oxopropionic acid anhydride,acetic acid methoxyacetic acid anhydride and methoxyacetic acidpropionic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of plural number of cyclic alkyl groups includecyclopentanecarboxylic acid cyclohexanecarboxylic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of cyclic alkyl group and alkenyl group includeacrylic acid cyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride, 3-methylacrylic acidcyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride, 3-butenoic acidcyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride and acrylic acidcyclohexanecarboxylic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of cyclic alkyl group and alkynyl group includepropynic acid cyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride, 2-butynic acidcyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride and propynic acidcyclohexanecarboxylic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of cyclic alkyl group and aryl group includebenzoic acid cyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic acidcyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride and benzoic acidcyclohexanecarboxylic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of cyclic alkyl group and hydrocarbon groupcontaining a functional group include fluoroacetic acidcyclopentanecarboxylic acid anhydride, cyclopentanecarboxylic acidtrifluoroacetic acid anhydride, cyclopentanecarboxylic acid2-cyanoacetic acid anhydride, cyclopentanecarboxylic acid methoxyaceticacid anhydride and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid fluoroacetic acidanhydride.

Examples of combination of plural number of alkenyl groups includeacrylic acid 2-methylacrylic acid anhydride, acrylic acid3-methylacrylic acid anhydride, acrylic acid 3-butenoic acid anhydrideand 2-methylacrylic acid 3-methylacrylic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of alkenyl group and alkynyl group includeacrylic acid propynic acid anhydride, acrylic acid 2-butynic acidanhydride and 2-methylacrylic acid propynic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of alkenyl group and aryl group include acrylicacid benzoic acid anhydride, acrylic acid 4-methylbenzoic acid anhydrideand 2-methylacrylic acid benzoic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of alkenyl group and hydrocarbon group having afunctional group include acrylic acid fluoroacetic acid anhydride,acrylic acid trifluoroacetic acid anhydride, acrylic acid 2-cyanoaceticacid anhydride, acrylic acid methoxyacetic acid anhydride and2-methylacrylic acid fluoroacetic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of alkynyl groups include propynic acid2-butynic acid anhydride, propynic acid 3-butynic acid anhydride and2-butynic acid 3-butynic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of alkynyl group and aryl group include benzoicacid propynic acid anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic acid propynic acidanhydride and benzoic acid 2-butynic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of alkynyl group and hydrocarbon groupcontaining a functional group include propynic acid fluoroacetic acidanhydride, propynic acid trifluoroacetic acid anhydride, propynic acid2-cyanoacetic acid anhydride, propynic acid methoxyacetic acid anhydrideand 2-butynic acid fluoroacetic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of plural number of aryl groups include benzoicacid 4-methylbenzoic acid anhydride, benzoic acid1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid anhydride and 4-methylbenzoic acid1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of aryl group and hydrocarbon group containing afunctional group include benzoic acid fluoroacetic acid anhydride,benzoic acid trifluoroacetic acid anhydride, benzoic acid 2-cyanoaceticacid anhydride, benzoic acid methoxyacetic acid anhydride and4-methylbenzoic acid fluoroacetic acid anhydride.

Examples of combination of hydrocarbon groups containing a functionalgroup include fluoroacetic acid trifluoroacetic acid anhydride,fluoroacetic acid 2-cyanoacetic acid anhydride, fluoroacetic acidmethoxyacetic acid anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid 2-cyanoacetic acidanhydride.

Next, examples will be given for the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) andR^(b2) are bonded together to form a ring structure.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) arebonded together to form a 5-membered ring structure include succinicacid anhydride, 4-methylsuccinic acid anhydride, 4,4-dimethylsuccinicacid anhydride, 4,5-dimethylsuccinic acid anhydride,4,4,5-trimethylsuccinic acid anhydride, 4,4,5,5-tetramethylsuccinic acidanhydride, 4-vinylsuccinic acid anhydride, 4,5-divinylsuccinic acidanhydride, 4-phenylsuccinic acid anhydride, 4,5-diphenylsuccinic acidanhydride, 4,4-diphenylsuccinic acid anhydride, citraconic acidanhydride, maleic acid anhydride, 4-methylmaleic acid anhydride,4,5-dimethylmaleic acid anhydride, 4-phenylmaleic acid anhydride,4,5-diphenylmaleic acid anhydride, itaconic acid anhydride,5-methylitaconic acid anhydride, 5,5-dimethylitaconic acid anhydride,phthalic acid anhydride and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic acid anhydride,and their analogous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) arebonded together to form a 6-membered ring structure includecyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid anhydride,4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid anhydride and glutaric acidanhydride, and their analogous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) arebonded together to form other type of ring structure include5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride,cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, pyromellitic acidanhydride and diglycolic acid anhydride, and their analogous compounds.

Concrete examples of the acid anhydride, in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) arebonded together to form a ring structure and, at the same time, R^(b1)and R^(b2) are substituted with a halogen atom, include 4-fluorosuccinicacid anhydride, 4,4-difluorosuccinic acid anhydride,4,5-difluorosuccinic acid anhydride, 4,4,5-trifluorosuccinic acidanhydride, 4,4,5,5-tetrafluorosuccinic acid anhydride, 4-fluoromaleicacid anhydride, 4,5-difluoromaleic acid anhydride, 5-fluoroitaconic acidanhydride and 5,5-difluoroitaconic acid anhydride, and their analogouscompounds.

Among the acid anhydrides exemplified above, preferable as specificcompound (B) are acid anhydrides in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) areconnected to each other to form a ring structure, because they achieveparticularly excellent battery characteristics by forming a goodprotective layer through a reaction with the specific carbonate. Morespecifically, acid anhydrides in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are connectedto each other to form a 5-membered ring structure or 6-membered ringstructure, including acid anhydrides in which those R^(b1) and R^(b2)are substituted with a halogen atom, are preferable. Among them,particularly preferable are acid anhydrides in which R^(b1) and R^(b2)are connected to each other to form a 5-membered ring structure.

Among acid anhydrides in which R^(b1) and R^(b2) are bonded together toform a 5-membered ring structure, succinic acid anhydride and itsderivatives, maleic acid anhydride and its derivatives, itaconic acidanhydride and its derivatives and phthalic acid anhydride and itsderivatives have particularly superior characteristics, for example.

The concrete examples include succinic acid anhydride, 4-methylsuccinicacid anhydride, 4,4-dimethylsuccinic acid anhydride,4,5-dimethylsuccinic acid anhydride, 4,4,5-trimethylsuccinic acidanhydride, 4,4,5,5-tetramethylsuccinic acid anhydride, 4-vinylsuccinicacid anhydride, 4,5-divinylsuccinic acid anhydride, 4-phenylsuccinicacid anhydride, 4,5-diphenylsuccinic acid anhydride,4,4-diphenylsuccinic acid anhydride, citraconic acid anhydride, maleicacid anhydride, 4-methylmaleic acid anhydride, 4,5-dimethylmaleic acidanhydride, 4-phenylmaleic acid anhydride, 4,5-diphenylmaleic acidanhydride, itaconic acid anhydride, 5-methylitaconic acid anhydride,5,5-dimethylitaconic acid anhydride, glutaric acid anhydride, phthalicacid anhydride and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic acid anhydride, and theiranalogous compounds.

The acid anhydrides possessing a 5-membered ring structure shown abovemay be substituted with a halogen atom. The concrete examples are4-fluorosuccinic acid anhydride, 4,4-difluorosuccinic acid anhydride,4,5-difluorosuccinic acid anhydride, 4,4,5-trifluorosuccinic acidanhydride, 4,4,5,5-tetrafluorosuccinic acid anhydride, 4-fluoromaleicacid anhydride, 4,5-difluoromaleic acid anhydride, 5-fluoroitaconic acidanhydride and 5,5-difluoroitaconic acid anhydride, and their analogouscompounds.

There is no special limitation on the molecular weight of the specificcompound (B), insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. However, it is usually 90 or larger. There is nospecial limitation on the upper limit, but when it is too high,viscosity tends to increase. Therefore, to be practical, it is usually300 or smaller, preferably 200 or smaller.

No particular limitation is imposed on the method of production of thespecific compound (B), either. Any known method can be adopted and used.

The specific compound (B) explained above can be included in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention either as asingle kind or as a combination of two or more kinds in any combinationand in any ratio.

There is no special limitation on the proportion of the specificcompound (B) in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the presentinvention, insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. However, it is preferable that the concentrationin the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention isusually 0.01 weight % or higher, preferably 0.1 weight % or higher, andusually 5 weight % or lower, preferably 3 weight % or lower. If theproportion is below the lower limit of the above range, an adequateeffect of improving cycle performance of the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery may not be guaranteed when the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of the present invention is used for the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery. When it exceeds the upper limit,its chemical reactivity in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte tends toincrease, leading possibly to decrease in battery characteristics of theabove-mentioned non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery.

No limitation is imposed on the ratio of the specific compound (B)relative to the specific carbonate to be described later, in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention, either.However, it is preferable that the relative weight ratio, represented by“weight of the specific compound (B)/weight of the specific carbonate”,is in the range of usually 0.0001 or higher, preferably 0.001 or higher,more preferably 0.01 or higher, and usually 1000 or lower, preferably100 or lower, more preferably 10 or lower. If the above-mentionedrelative weight ratio is too high or too low, the synergistic effect maynot be obtained.

By incorporating the above-mentioned specific compound (B) and thespecific carbonate in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, it is possibleto improve the charge-discharge cycle performance of the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery using the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte. The detailed reason is not clear, but inferred as follows.Namely, through the reaction between the specific compound (B) and thespecific carbonate contained in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, aneffective protective layer is formed on the surface of thenegative-electrode active material, leading to the suppression of sidereactions. Cycle deterioration is thus inhibited. The details of thisreaction is not clear, but it is inferred that coexistence of thespecific compound (B) and the specific carbonate in the liquidelectrolyte can somehow contribute to enhancement in the protectivelayer characteristics.

[I-1-C. Specific Compound (C)]

<I-1-C-1. Sulfur-Containing Functional Group Represented by the Formula(C-1)>

Specific compound (C) is a chain compound having one or moresulfur-containing functional groups represented by the formula (C-1)below.[Chemical Formula 54]

O

_(m)

S(═O)_(y)

_(x)

O

  (C-1)

In the above formula (C-1), m and n represent, independently of eachother, an integer of 0 or 1.

x represents an integer of 1 or 2.

y represents an integer of 0 or larger and 2 or smaller.

Concrete examples of the sulfur-containing functional group representedby the formula (C-1) above include —S—, —O—S—, —O—S—O—, —S(═O)—,—S(═O)₂—, —O—S(═O)—, —O—S(═O)₂—, —O—S(═O)—O—, —O—S(═O)₂—O—, —S—S—,—S(═O)—S—, —S(═O)₂—S—, —O—S—S—, —O—S(═O)—S—, —O—S(═O)₂—S—, —O—S—S—O—,—O—S(═O)—S—O—, —O—S(═O)₂—S—O—, —S(═O)—S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—S(═O)—,—S(═O)₂—S(═O)₂—, —O—S(═O)—S(═O)—, —O—S(═O)₂—S(═O)—, —O—S(═O)₂—S(═O)₂—,—O—S(═O)—S(═O)—O—, —O—S(═O)₂—S(═O)—O— and —O—S(═O)₂—S(═O)₂—O—.

It is preferable, from the standpoint of ease of industrial availabilityand chemical stability, that the sulfur-containing functional grouprepresented by the formula (C-1) is selected from among functionalgroups represented by the formulae (C-4) to (C-10) shown below.

The number of sulfur-containing functional group, represented by theabove formula (C-1) and contained in the specific compound (C), needs tobe 1 or more per molecule. There is no special upper limit, but it ispreferable that it is usually 6 or less, particularly 4 or less.

There is no other particular limitation for the specific compound (C)insofar as the compound has at least one sulfur-containing functionalgroup represented by the above formula (C-1). Among them, it ispreferably a chain compound represented by the formula (C-2) below orchain compound represented by the formula (C-3) below.

<I-1-C-2. Chain Compound Represented by the Formula (C-2)>[Chemical Formula 56]R^(c1)-A^(c)-R^(c2)  (C-2)

In the above formula (C-2), A^(c) represents a sulfur-containingfunctional group represented by the formula (C-1).

R^(c1) and R^(c2) represent, independently of each other, a hydrocarbongroup, which may have a halogen atom, with carbon number of 1 or largerand 10 [SIC] or smaller.

In the above formula (C-2), no particular limitation is imposed on thekind of the hydrocarbon group of R^(c1) and R^(c2). They may be analiphatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic hydrocarbon group or acombination of aliphatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic hydrocarbongroup. The aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be a saturated hydrocarbongroup, or it may contain at least one unsaturated bond (carbon to carbondouble bond or carbon to carbon triple bond). In addition, the aliphatichydrocarbon group may be chained or cyclic. When it is chained, thechain may be straight or branched. Further, the chain and ring may beconnected with each other.

The number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon groups R^(c1) and R^(c2)are usually 1 or more, and usually 20 or less, preferably 10 or less,more preferably 6 or less. When the carbon number of the hydrocarbongroups R^(c1) and R^(c2) are too many, solubility in the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte tends to decrease.

Concrete examples of the hydrocarbon group which are preferable asR^(c1) and R^(c2) will be listed below.

Concrete examples of the saturated chained hydrocarbon group includemethyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butylgroup, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group and tert-butyl group.

Concrete examples of the saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group includecyclopropyl group, cyclopentyl group and cyclohexyl group.

Concrete examples of the hydrocarbon group having an unsaturated bond(hereinafter abbreviated as “unsaturated hydrocarbon group”, asappropriate) include vinyl group, 1-propene-1-yl group, 1-propene-2-ylgroup, allyl group, crotyl group, ethynyl group, propargyl group, phenylgroup, 2-toluyl group, 3-toluyl group, 4-toluyl group, xylyl group,benzyl group and cinnamyl group.

Of these hydrocarbon groups, preferable as R^(c1) and R^(c2) from thestandpoint of solubility in non-aqueous liquid electrolyte and ease ofindustrial availability are methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group,isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group,cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, phenyl group, 2-toluyl group,3-toluyl group, 4-toluyl group, vinyl group, allyl group, ethynyl group,propargyl group and benzyl group. Particularly preferable are methylgroup, ethyl group, n-propyl group, n-butyl group, cyclohexyl group andphenyl group.

In the hydrocarbon group of R^(c1) and R^(c2) in the above formula(C-2), a part or all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atomsmay be substituted with halogen atoms.

The halogen atom include fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom andiodine atom. Of these, fluorine atom, chlorine atom and bromine atom arepreferable. Particularly preferable from the standpoint of chemicalstability or electrochemical stability are fluorine atom and chlorineatom.

When the hydrocarbon group of R^(c1) and R^(c2) is substituted withhalogen atoms, no particular limitation is imposed on the number of thehalogen atoms. A part of the hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon group maybe substituted with halogen atoms or all of the hydrogen atoms may besubstituted with halogen atoms. When each of R^(c1) and R^(c2) has aplurality of halogen atoms, those halogen atoms may be the same as ordifferent from each other.

Concrete examples of the halogen-substituted hydrocarbon grouppreferable as R^(c1) and R^(c2) will be cited below.

Concrete examples of the fluorine-substituted chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include fluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group,trifluoromethyl group, 1-fluoroethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group,1,1-difluoroethyl group, 1,2-difluoroethyl group, 2,2-difluoroethylgroup, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, perfluoroethyl group,1-fluoro-n-propyl group, 2-fluoro-n-propyl group, 3-fluoro-n-propylgroup, 1,1-difluoro-n-propyl group, 1,2-difluoro-n-propyl group,1,3-difluoro-n-propyl group, 2,2-difluoro-n-propyl group,2,3-difluoro-n-propyl group, 3,3-difluoro-n-propyl group,3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl group, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl group,perfluoro-n-propyl group, 1-fluoroisopropyl group, 2-fluoroisopropylgroup, 1,2-difluoroisopropyl group, 2,2-difluoroisopropyl group,2,2′-difluoroisopropyl group, 2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroispropyl group,1-fluoro-n-butyl group, 2-fluoro-n-butyl group, 3-fluoro-n-butyl group,4-fluoro-n-butyl group, 4,4,4-trifluoro-n-butyl group, perfluoro-n-butylgroup, 2-fluoro-tert-butyl group and perfluoro-tert-butyl group.

Concrete examples of the fluorine-substituted cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include 1-fluorocyclopropyl group, 2-fluorocyclopropylgroup, perfluorocyclopropyl group, 1-fluorocyclopentyl group,2-fluorocyclopentyl group, 3-fluorocyclopentyl group,perfluorocyclopentyl group, 1-fluorocyclohexyl group, 2-fluorocyclohexylgroup, 3-fluorocyclohexyl group, 4-fluorocyclohexyl group andperfluorocyclohexyl group.

Concrete examples of the fluorine-substituted unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include 2-fluorophenyl group, 3-fluorophenyl group, 4-fluorophenylgroup, 2,3-difluorophenyl group, 2,4-difluorophenyl group,3,5-difluorophenyl group, 2,4,6-trifluorophenyl group, perfluorophenylgroup, 3-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group, 4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group,5-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group, 6-fluoro-2-methylphenyl group,2-fluoro-3-methylphenyl group, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl group,5-fluoro-3-methylphenyl group, 6-fluioro-3-methylphenyl group,2-fluoro-4-methylphenyl group, 3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl group,perfluorotoluyl group, 2-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,3-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group, 4-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,5-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group, 6-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,7-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group, 8-fluoronaphthalene-1-yl group,1-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, 3-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group,4-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, 5-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group,6-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, 7-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group,8-fluoronaphthalene-2-yl group, perfluoronaphthyl group, 1-fluorovinylgroup, 2-fluorovinyl group, 1,2-difluorovinyl group, 2,2-difluorovinylgroup, perfluorovinyl group, 1-fluoroallyl group, 2-fluoroallyl group,3-fluoroallyl group, perfluoroallyl group, (2-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(3-fluorophenyl)methyl group, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl group, and(perfluorophenyl)methyl group.

Concrete examples of the chlorine-substituted chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include chloromethyl group, dichloromethyl group,trichloromethyl group, 1-chloroethyl group, 2-chloroethyl group,1,1-dichloroethyl group, 1,2-dichloroethyl group, 2,2-dichloroethylgroup, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl group, perchloroethyl group,1-chloro-n-propyl group, 2-chloro-n-propyl group, 3-chloro-n-propylgroup, 1,1-dichloro-n-propyl group, 1,2-dichloro-n-propyl group,1,3-dichloro-n-propyl group, 2,2-dichloro-n-propyl group,2,3-dichloro-n-propyl group, 3,3-dichloro-n-propyl group,3,3,3-trichloro-n-propyl group, 2,2,3,3,3-pentachloro-n-propyl group,perchloro-n-propyl group, 1-chloroisopropyl group, 2-chloroisopropylgroup, 1,2-dichloroisopropyl group, 2,2-dichloroisopropyl group,2,2′-dichloroisopropyl group, 2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexachloroisopropyl group,1-chloro-n-butyl group, 2-chloro-n-butyl group, 3-chloro-n-butyl group,4-chloro-n-butyl group, 4,4,4-trichloro-n-butyl group, perchloro-n-butylgroup, 2-chloro-tert-butyl group and perchloro-tert-butyl group.

Concrete examples of the chlorine-substituted cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include 1-chlorocyclopropyl group, 2-chlorocyclopropylgroup, perchlorocyclopropyl group, 1-chlorocyclopentyl group,2-chlorocyclopentyl group, 3-chlorocyclopentyl group,perchlorocyclopentyl group, 1-chlorocyclohexyl group, 2-chlorocyclohexylgroup, 3-chlorocyclohexyl group, 4-chlorocyclohexyl group andperchlorocyclohexyl group.

Concrete example of the chlorine-substituted unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include 2-chlorophenyl group, 3-chlorophenyl group, 4-chlorophenylgroup, 2,3-dichlorophenyl group, 2,4-dichlorophenyl group,3,5-dichlorophenyl group, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl group, perchlorophenylgroup, 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group, 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group,5-chloro-2-methylphenyl group, 6-chloro-2-methylphenyl group,2-chloro-3-methylphenyl group, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl group,5-chloro-3-methylphenyl group, 6-chloro-3-methylphenyl group,2-chloro-4-methylphenyl group, 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group,perchlorotoluyl group, 2-chloronaphthalene-1-yl group,3-chloronaphthalene-1-yl group, 4-chloronaphthalene-1-yl group,5-chloronaphthalene-1-yl group, 6-chloronaphthalene-1-yl group,7-chloronaphthalene-1-yl group, 8-chloronaphthalene-1-yl group,1-chloronaphthalene-2-yl group, 3-chloronaphthalene-2-yl group,4-chloronaphthalene-2-yl group, 5-chloronaphthalene-2-yl group,6-chloronaphthalene-2-yl group, 7-chloronaphthalene-2-yl group,8-chloronaphthalene-2-yl group, perchloronaphthyl group, 1-chlorovinylgroup, 2-chlorovinyl group, 1,2-dichlorovinyl group, 2,2-dichlorovinylgroup, perchlorovinyl group, 1-chloroallyl group, 2-chloroallyl group,3-chloroallyl group, perchloroallyl group, (2-chlorophenyl)methyl group,(3-chlorophenyl)methyl group, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl group and(perchlorophenyl)methyl group.

Of these groups, the fluorine-substituted hydrocarbon groups arepreferable from the standpoint of chemical and electrochemicalstability, ease of industrial availability or the like. The concreteexamples include fluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group,trifluoromethyl group, 1-fluoroethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, perfluoroethyl group,3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl group, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl group,perfluoro-n-propyl group, 2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl group,perfluoro-n-butyl group, 2-fluoro-tert-butyl group, perfluoro-tert-butylgroup, 2-fluorocyclohexyl group, 3-fluorocyclohexyl group,4-fluorocyclohexyl group, perfluorocyclohexyl group, 2-fluorophenylgroup, 3-fluorophenyl group, 4-fluorophenyl group, 2,3-difluorophenylgroup, 2,4-difluorophenyl group, 3,5-difluorophenyl group,2,4,6-trifluorophenyl group, perfluorophenyl group, 1-fluorovinyl group,2-fluorovinyl group, perfluorovinyl group, (2-fluorophenyl)methyl group,(3-fluorophenyl)methyl group, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl group and(perfluorophenyl)methyl group.

Next, concrete examples of the compound represented by the above formula(C-2), as classified according to the sulfur-containing functional grouprepresented by the formula (C-1), will be listed below.

Chain Compound Possessing a Functional Group of the Formula (C-4):

Chain compound possessing a functional group represented by the aboveformula (C-4) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include dimethyl sulfide, diethyl sulfide, di-n-propylsulfide, diisopropyl sulfide, di-n-butyl sulfide, diisobutyl sulfide anddi-tert-butyl sulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include dicyclopentyl sulfide and dicyclohexylsulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include diphenyl sulfide, di(2-toluyl)sulfide, di(3-toluyl)sulfide, di(4-toluyl)sulfide, divinyl sulfide, diallyl sulfide anddibenzyl sulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedchained saturated hydrocarbon group include bis(fluoromethyl)sulfide,bis(difluoromethyl)sulfide, bis(trifluoromethyl) sulfide,di(1-fluoroethyl)sulfide, di(2-fluoroethyl) sulfide,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sulfide, bis(perfluoroethyl)sulfide,bis(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfide,bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfide, bis(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfide, di(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfide,bis(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfide,bis(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfide, di(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide andbis(perfluoro-tert-butyl)sulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedcyclic saturated hydrocarbon group includedi(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide, di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide,di(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfide and bis(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedunsaturated hydrocarbon group include di(2-fluorophenyl)sulfide,di(3-fluorophenyl)sulfide, di(4-fluorophenyl)sulfide,bis(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfide, bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfide,bis(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfide, bis(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfide,bis(perfluorophenyl)sulfide, di(1-fluorovinyl) sulfide,di(2-fluorovinyl)sulfide, bis(perfluorovinyl)sulfide,bis[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide, bis[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,bis[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide andbis[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups include ethylmethyl sulfide, methylpropylsulfide, methylisopropyl sulfide, methyl-n-butyl sulfide, methylisobutylsulfide, methyl-tert-butyl sulfide, methylcyclopentyl sulfide,methylcyclohexyl sulfide, methylphenyl sulfide, methyl(2-toluyl)sulfide,methyl(3-toluyl)sulfide, methyl(4-toluyl)sulfide, methylvinyl sulfide,methylallyl sulfide, methylbenzyl sulfide, ethylpropyl sulfide,ethylisopropyl sulfide, ethyl-n-butyl sulfide, ethylisobutyl sulfide,ethyl-tert-butyl sulfide, ethylcyclopentyl sulfide, ethylcyclohexylsulfide, ethylphenyl sulfide, ethyl(2-toluyl)sulfide,ethyl(3-toluyl)sulfide, ethyl(4-toluyl)sulfide, ethylvinyl sulfide,ethylallyl sulfide, ethylbenzyl sulfide, phenylpropyl sulfide,phenylisopropyl sulfide, phenyl-n-butyl sulfide, phenylisobutyl sulfide,phenyl-tert-butyl sulfide, phenylcyclopentyl sulfide, phenylcyclohexylsulfide, phenyl(2-toluyl) sulfide, phenyl(3-toluyl)sulfide,phenyl(4-toluyl) sulfide, phenylvinyl sulfide, phenylallyl sulfide andphenylbenzyl sulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups and at least one of them contains afluorine substituent include methyl(fluoromethyl)sulfide,methyl(difluoromethyl) sulfide, methyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfide,methyl(1-fluoroethyl) sulfide, methyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfide,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfide, methyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfide,methyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfide,methyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfide,methyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfide, methyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfide,methyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfide,methyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfide, methyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide,methyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide, methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide,methyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide, methyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide,methyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfide, methyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfide,methyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfide, methyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfide,methyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfide, methyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfide,methyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfide, methyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfide,methyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfide, methyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfide,methyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfide, methyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfide,methyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,methyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,methyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,methyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide, ethyl(fluoromethyl)sulfide,ethyl(difluoromethyl) sulfide, ethyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfide,ethyl(1-fluoroethyl) sulfide, ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfide,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfide, ethyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfide,ethyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfide,ethyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) sulfide,ethyl(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfide, ethyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfide,ethyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfide,ethyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfide, ethyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide,ethyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide, ethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide,ethyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide, ethyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfide,ethyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfide, ethyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfide,ethyl(3-fluorophenyl)sulfide, ethyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfide,ethyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfide, ethyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfide,ethyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfide, ethyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfide,ethyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfide, ethyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfide,ethyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfide, ethyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfide,ethyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,ethyl[(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl]sulfide,ethyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,ethyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide, phenyl(fluoromethyl)sulfide,phenyl(difluoromethyl) sulfide, phenyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfide,phenyl(1-fluoroethyl)sulfide, phenyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfide,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfide, phenyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfide,phenyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfide,phenyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfide,phenyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfide, phenyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfide,phenyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfide,phenyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfide, phenyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide,phenyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide, phenyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide,phenyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide, phenyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide,phenyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfide, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfide,phenyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfide, phenyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfide,phenyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfide, phenyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfide,phenyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfide, phenyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfide,phenyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfide, phenyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfide,phenyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfide, phenyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfide,phenyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,phenyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,phenyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide andphenyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent chained saturated hydrocarbon groups and both of them have afluorine substituent include(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(fluoromethyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(difluoromethyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluoroethyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroethyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoroethyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-butyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorocyclohexyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorophenyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorophenyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,3-difluorophenyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorophenyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluorovinyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorovinyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorovinyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide and(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfide.

Chain Compound Possessing a Functional Group of the Formula (C-5):

Chain compound possessing a functional group represented by the aboveformula (C-5) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include dimethyl disulfide, diethyl disulfide,di-n-propyl disulfide, diisopropyl disulfide, di-n-butyl disulfide,diisobutyl disulfide and di-tert-butyl disulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include dicyclopentyl disulfide and dicyclohexyldisulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include diphenyl disulfide, di(2-toluyl)disulfide,di(3-toluyl)disulfide, di(4-toluyl)disulfide, divinyl disulfide, diallyldisulfide and dibenzyl disulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedchained saturated hydrocarbon group include bis(fluoromethyl)disulfide,bis(difluoromethyl)disulfide, bis(trifluoromethyl)disulfide,di(1-fluoroethyl)disulfide, di(2-fluoroethyl)disulfide,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)disulfide, bis(perfluoroethyl)disulfide,bis(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,bis(perfluoro-n-propyl)disulfide, di(2-fluoroisopropyl)disulfide,bis(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)disulfide,bis(perfluoro-n-butyl)disulfide, di(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide andbis(perfluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedcyclic saturated hydrocarbon group includedi(2-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide, di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,di(4-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide and bis(perfluorocyclohexyl)disulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedunsaturated hydrocarbon group include di(2-fluorophenyl)disulfide,di(3-fluorophenyl)disulfide, di(4-fluorophenyl)disulfide,bis(2,3-difluorophenyl)disulfide, bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)disulfide,bis(3,5-difluorophenyl)disulfide, bis(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)disulfide,bis(perfluorophenyl)disulfide, di(1-fluorovinyl)disulfide,di(2-fluorovinyl)disulfide, bis(perfluorovinyl)disulfide,bis[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,bis[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,bis[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide andbis[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups include ethylmethyl disulfide, methylpropyldisulfide, methylisopropyl disulfide, methyl n-butyl disulfide,methylisobutyl disulfide, methyl tert-butyl disulfide, methylcyclopentyldisulfide, methylcyclohexyl disulfide, methylphenyl disulfide,methyl(2-toluyl)disulfide, methyl(3-toluyl)disulfide,methyl(4-toluyl)disulfide, methylvinyl disulfide, methylallyl disulfide,methylbenzyl disulfide, ethylpropyl disulfide, ethylisopropyl disulfide,ethyl n-butyl disulfide, ethylisobutyl disulfide, ethyl tert-butyldisulfide, ethylcyclopentyl disulfide, ethylcyclohexyl disulfide,ethylphenyl disulfide, ethyl(2-toluyl)disulfide,ethyl(3-toluyl)disulfide, ethyl(4-toluyl)disulfide, ethylvinyldisulfide, ethylallyl disulfide, ethylbenzyl disulfide, phenylpropyldisulfide, phenylisopropyl disulfide, phenyl-n-butyl disulfide,phenylisobutyl disulfide, phenyl-tert-butyl disulfide, phenylcyclopentyldisulfide, phenylcyclohexyl disulfide, phenyl(2-toluyl)disulfide,phenyl(3-toluyl)disulfide, phenyl(4-toluyl)disulfide, phenylvinyldisulfide, phenylallyl disulfide and phenylbenzyl disulfide.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups and at least one of them contains afluorine substituent include methyl(fluoromethyl)disulfide,methyl(difluoromethyl)disulfide, methyl(trifluoromethyl)disulfide,methyl(1-fluoroethyl)disulfide, methyl(2-fluoroethyl)disulfide,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)disulfide, methyl(perfluoroethyl)disulfide,methyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,methyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,methyl(perfluoro-n-propyl)disulfide, methyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)disulfide,methyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)disulfide,methyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)disulfide,methyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide,methyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide,methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,methyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,methyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,methyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)disulfide, methyl(2-fluorophenyl)disulfide,methyl(3-fluorophenyl)disulfide, methyl(4-fluorophenyl)disulfide,methyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)disulfide,methyl(2,4-difluorophenyl)disulfide,methyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)disulfide,methyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)disulfide,methyl(perfluorophenyl)disulfide, methyl(1-fluorovinyl)disulfide,methyl(2-fluorovinyl)disulfide, methyl(perfluorovinyl)disulfide,methyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,methyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,methyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,methyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide, ethyl(fluoromethyl)disulfide,ethyl(difluoromethyl)disulfide, ethyl(trifluoromethyl)disulfide,ethyl(1-fluoroethyl)disulfide, ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)disulfide,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)disulfide, ethyl(perfluoroethyl)disulfide,ethyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,ethyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,ethyl(perfluoro-n-propyl)disulfide, ethyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)disulfide,ethyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) disulfide,ethyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)disulfide, ethyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide,ethyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide,ethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide, ethyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,ethyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide, ethyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,ethyl(2-fluorophenyl)disulfide, ethyl(3-fluorophenyl)disulfide,ethyl(4-fluorophenyl)disulfide, ethyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)disulfide,ethyl(2,4-difluorophenyl)disulfide, ethyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)disulfide,ethyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)disulfide, ethyl(perfluorophenyl)disulfide,ethyl(1-fluorovinyl)disulfide, ethyl(2-fluorovinyl)disulfide,ethyl(perfluorovinyl)disulfide, ethyl[(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]disulfide,ethyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,ethyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,ethyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide, phenyl(fluoromethyl)disulfide,phenyl(difluoromethyl)disulfide, phenyl(trifluoromethyl)disulfide,phenyl(1-fluoroethyl)disulfide, phenyl(2-fluoroethyl)disulfide,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)disulfide, phenyl(perfluoroethyl)disulfide,phenyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,phenyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,phenyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) disulfide,phenyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)disulfide,phenyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)disulfide,phenyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)disulfide,phenyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide,phenyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide,phenyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,phenyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,phenyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,phenyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)disulfide, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)disulfide,phenyl(3-fluorophenyl)disulfide, phenyl(4-fluorophenyl)disulfide,phenyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)disulfide,phenyl(2,4-difluorophenyl)disulfide,phenyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)disulfide,phenyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)disulfide, phenyl,phenyl(perfluorophenyl)disulfide, phenyl(1-fluorovinyl)disulfide,phenyl(2-fluorovinyl)disulfide, phenyl(perfluorovinyl)disulfide,phenyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,phenyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,phenyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,phenyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent chained saturated hydrocarbon groups and both of them have afluorine substituent include (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(fluoromethyl)disulfide, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(difluoromethyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(trifluoromethyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluoroethyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroethyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoroethyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-propyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroisopropyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-butyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-tert-butyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorocyclohexyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorophenyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorophenyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,3-difluorophenyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4-difluorophenyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,5-difluorophenyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl) disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorophenyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluorovinyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorovinyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorovinyl)disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide and(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]disulfide.

Chain Compound Possessing a Functional Group of the Formula (C-6):

As chain compound possessing a functional group represented by the aboveformula (C-6) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include dimethyl sulfoxide, diethyl sulfoxide,di-n-propyl sulfoxide, diisopropyl sulfoxide, di-n-butyl sulfoxide,diisobutyl sulfoxide and di-tert-butyl sulfoxide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include dicyclopentyl sulfoxide and dicyclohexylsulfoxide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include diphenyl sulfoxide, di(2-toluyl) sulfoxide, di(3-toluyl)sulfoxide, di(4-toluyl) sulfoxide, divinyl sulfoxide, diallyl sulfoxideand dibenzyl sulfoxide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedchained saturated hydrocarbon group include bis(fluoromethyl) sulfoxide,bis(difluoromethyl) sulfoxide, bis(trifluoromethyl) sulfoxide,di(1-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide, di(2-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sulfoxide, bis(perfluoroethyl) sulfoxide,bis(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide,bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide, bis(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfoxide, di(2-fluoroisopropyl) sulfoxide,bis(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) sulfoxide,bis(perfluoro-n-butyl) sulfoxide, di(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfoxide andbis(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfoxide.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedcyclic saturated hydrocarbon group include di(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfoxide, di(3-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide, di(4-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfoxide, bis(perfluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide, di(2-fluorophenyl)sulfoxide, di(3-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide, di(4-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,bis(2,3-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide, bis(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide,bis(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide, bis(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl) sulfoxide,bis(perfluorophenyl) sulfoxide, di(1-fluorovinyl) sulfoxide,di(2-fluorovinyl) sulfoxide, bis(perfluorovinyl) sulfoxide,bis[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,bis[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,bis[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide andbis[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups include ethylmethyl sulfoxide, methylpropylsulfoxide, methylisopropyl sulfoxide, methyl-n-butyl sulfoxide,methylisobutyl sulfoxide, methyl-tert-butyl sulfoxide, methylcyclopentylsulfoxide, methylcyclohexyl sulfoxide, methylphenyl sulfoxide,methyl(2-toluyl) sulfoxide, methyl(3-toluyl) sulfoxide, methyl(4-toluyl)sulfoxide, methylvinyl sulfoxide, methylallyl sulfoxide, methylbenzylsulfoxide, ethylpropyl sulfoxide, ethylisopropyl sulfoxide,ethyl-n-butyl sulfoxide, ethylisobutyl sulfoxide, ethyl-tert-butylsulfoxide, ethylcyclopentyl sulfoxide, ethylcyclohexyl sulfoxide,ethylphenyl sulfoxide, ethyl(2-toluyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(3-toluyl)sulfoxide, ethyl(4-toluyl) sulfoxide, ethylvinyl sulfoxide, ethylallylsulfoxide, ethylbenzyl sulfoxide, phenylpropyl sulfoxide,phenylisopropyl sulfoxide, phenyl-n-butyl sulfoxide, phenylisobutylsulfoxide, phenyl-tert-butyl sulfoxide, phenylcyclopentyl sulfoxide,phenylcyclohexyl sulfoxide, phenyl(2-toluyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(3-toluyl)sulfoxide, phenyl(4-toluyl) sulfoxide, phenylvinyl sulfoxide,phenylallyl sulfoxide and phenylbenzyl sulfoxide.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups and at least one of them contains afluorine substituent include methyl(fluoromethyl) sulfoxide,methyl(difluoromethyl) sulfoxide, methyl(trifluoromethyl) sulfoxide,methyl(1-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide, methyl(2-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sulfoxide, methyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfoxide, methyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide,methyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide,methyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide, methyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfoxide, methyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) sulfoxide,methyl(perfluoro-n-butyl) sulfoxide, methyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)sulfoxide, methyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfoxide,methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide, methyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfoxide, methyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide,methyl(perfluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide, methyl(2-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,methyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide, methyl(4-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,methyl(2,3-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide, methyl(2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfoxide, methyl(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide,methyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl) sulfoxide, methyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfoxide, methyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfoxide, methyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfoxide, methyl(perfluorovinyl) sulfoxide,methyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,methyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,methyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,methyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide, ethyl(fluoromethyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(difluoromethyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(trifluoromethyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(1-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(2-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(perfluoroethyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(2-fluoroisopropyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(perfluoro-n-butyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)sulfoxide, ethyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfoxide, ethyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(perfluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(2-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(4-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(2,3-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfoxide, ethyl(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide,ethyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfoxide, ethyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfoxide, ethyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfoxide, ethyl(perfluorovinyl) sulfoxide,ethyl[(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]sulfoxide,ethyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,ethyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,ethyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide, phenyl(fluoromethyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(difluoromethyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(trifluoromethyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(1-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(2-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfoxide, phenyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfoxide, phenyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(perfluoro-n-butyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)sulfoxide, phenyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfoxide, phenyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(perfluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(4-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(2,3-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfoxide, phenyl(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide,phenyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfoxide, phenyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfoxide, phenyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfoxide, phenyl(perfluorovinyl) sulfoxide,phenyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,phenyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,phenyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide andphenyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent chained saturated hydrocarbon groups and both of them have afluorine substituent include (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(fluoromethyl)sulfoxide, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(difluoromethyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(trifluoromethyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroethyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoroethyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfoxide,(2,2′,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-butyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorocyclohexyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorophenyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,3-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorophenyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluorovinyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorovinyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorovinyl) sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide and(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfoxide.

Chain Compound Possessing a Functional Group of the Formula (C-7):

As chain compound possessing a functional group represented by the aboveformula (C-7) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include dimethyl sulfone, diethyl sulfone, di-n-propylsulfone, diisopropyl sulfone, di-n-butyl sulfone, diisobutyl sulfone anddi-tert-butyl sulfone.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include dicyclopentyl sulfone and dicyclohexylsulfone.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include diphenyl sulfone, di(2-toluyl)sulfone, di(3-toluyl)sulfone, di(4-toluyl)sulfone, divinyl sulfone, diallyl sulfone anddibenzyl sulfone.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedchained saturated hydrocarbon group include bis(fluoromethyl)sulfone,bis(difluoromethyl)sulfone, bis(trifluoromethyl) sulfone,di(1-fluoroethyl)sulfone, di(2-fluoroethyl) sulfone,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sulfone, bis(perfluoroethyl)sulfone,bis(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfone,bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfone, bis(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfone, di(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfone,bis(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfone,bis(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfone, di(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfone andbis(perfluoro-tert-butyl)sulfone.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedcyclic saturated hydrocarbon group includedi(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone, di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone,di(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfone and bis(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfone.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedunsaturated hydrocarbon group include di(2-fluorophenyl)sulfone,di(3-fluorophenyl)sulfone, di(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone,bis(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfone, bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfone,bis(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfone, bis(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfone,bis(perfluorophenyl)sulfone, di(1-fluorovinyl) sulfone,di(2-fluorovinyl)sulfone, bis(perfluorovinyl)sulfone,bis[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone, bis[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,bis[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone andbis[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups include ethylmethyl sulfone, methylpropylsulfone, methylisopropyl sulfone, methyl-n-butyl sulfone, methylisobutylsulfone, methyltert-butyl sulfone, methylcyclopentyl sulfone,methylcyclohexyl sulfone, methylphenyl sulfone, methyl(2-toluyl)sulfone,methyl(3-toluyl)sulfone, methyl(4-toluyl)sulfone, methylvinyl sulfone,methylallyl sulfone, methylbenzyl sulfone, ethylpropyl sulfone,ethylisopropyl sulfone, ethyl n-butyl sulfone, ethylisobutyl sulfone,ethyl tert-butyl sulfone, ethylcyclopentyl sulfone, ethylcyclohexylsulfone, ethylphenyl sulfone, ethyl(2-toluyl)sulfone,ethyl(3-toluyl)sulfone, ethyl(4-toluyl)sulfone, ethylvinyl sulfone,ethylallyl sulfone, ethylbenzyl sulfone, phenylpropyl sulfone,phenylisopropyl sulfone, phenyl n-butyl sulfone, phenylisobutyl sulfone,phenyl tert-butyl sulfone, phenylcyclopentyl sulfone, phenylcyclohexylsulfone, phenyl(2-toluyl) sulfone, phenyl(3-toluyl)sulfone,phenyl(4-toluyl) sulfone, phenylvinyl sulfone, phenylallyl sulfone andphenylbenzyl sulfone.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups and at least one of them contains afluorine substituent include methyl(fluoromethyl)sulfone,methyl(difluoromethyl) sulfone, methyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfone,methyl(1-fluoroethyl) sulfone, methyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfone,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfone, methyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfone,methyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfone,methyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfone,methyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfone, methyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfone,methyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfone,methyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfone, methyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfone,methyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfone, methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone,methyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone, methyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone,methyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfone, methyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfone,methyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfone, methyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone,methyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfone, methyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfone,methyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfone, methyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfone,methyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfone, methyl(1-fluorovinyl)sulfone,methyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfone, methyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfone,methyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,methyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,methyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,methyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone, ethyl(fluoromethyl)sulfone,ethyl(difluoromethyl) sulfone, ethyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfone,ethyl(1-fluoroethyl) sulfone, ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfone,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfone, ethyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfone,ethyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfone,ethyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) sulfone,ethyl(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfone, ethyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfone,ethyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfone,ethyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfone, ethyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfone,ethyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfone, ethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone,ethyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone, ethyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfone,ethyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfone, ethyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfone,ethyl(3-fluorophenyl)sulfone, ethyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone,ethyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfone, ethyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfone,ethyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfone, ethyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfone,ethyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfone, ethyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfone,ethyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfone, ethyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfone,ethyl[(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]sulfone,ethyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,ethyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,ethyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone, phenyl(fluoromethyl)sulfone,phenyl(difluoromethyl) sulfone, phenyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfone,phenyl(1-fluoroethyl)sulfone, phenyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfone,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfone, phenyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfone,phenyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfone,phenyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfone,phenyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfone, phenyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfone,phenyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfone,phenyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfone, phenyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfone,phenyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfone, phenyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone,phenyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone, phenyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfone,phenyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfone, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfone,phenyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfone, phenyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone,phenyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfone, phenyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfone,phenyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfone, phenyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfone,phenyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfone, phenyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfone,phenyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfone, phenyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfone,phenyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,phenyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,phenyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone andphenyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent chained saturated hydrocarbon groups and both of them have afluorine substituent include(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(fluoromethyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(difluoromethyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluoroethyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoroethyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-butyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorocyclohexyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorophenyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,3-difluorophenyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorophenyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluorovinyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorovinyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorovinyl)sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone and(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfone.

Chain Compound Possessing a Functional Group of the Formula (C-8):

As chain compound possessing a functional group represented by the aboveformula (C-8) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include dimethyl sulfite, diethyl sulfite, di-n-propylsulfite, diisopropyl sulfite, di-n-butyl sulfite, diisobutyl sulfite anddi-tert-butyl sulfite.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include dicyclopentyl sulfite and dicyclohexylsulfite.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include diphenyl sulfite, di(2-toluyl)sulfite, di(3-toluyl)sulfite, di(4-toluyl)sulfite, divinyl sulfite, diallyl sulfite anddibenzyl sulfite.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedchained saturated hydrocarbon group include bis(fluoromethyl)sulfite,bis(difluoromethyl)sulfite, bis(trifluoromethyl) sulfite,di(1-fluoroethyl)sulfite, di(2-fluoroethyl) sulfite,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sulfite, bis(perfluoroethyl)sulfite,bis(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfite,bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfite, bis(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfite, di(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfite,bis(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfite,bis(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfite, di(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfite andbis(perfluoro-tert-butyl)sulfite.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedcyclic saturated hydrocarbon group includedi(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite, di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite,di(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfite and bis(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfite.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedunsaturated hydrocarbon group include di(2-fluorophenyl)sulfite,di(3-fluorophenyl)sulfite, di(4-fluorophenyl)sulfite,bis(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfite, bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfite,bis(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfite, bis(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfite,bis(perfluorophenyl)sulfite, di(1-fluorovinyl) sulfite,di(2-fluorovinyl)sulfite, bis(perfluorovinyl)sulfite,bis[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite, bis[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,bis[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite andbis[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups include ethylmethyl sulfite, methylpropylsulfite, methylisopropyl sulfite, methyl-n-butyl sulfite, methylisobutylsulfite, methyl-tert-butyl sulfite, methylcyclopentyl sulfite,methylcyclohexyl sulfite, methylphenyl sulfite, methyl(2-toluyl)sulfite,methyl(3-toluyl)sulfite, methyl(4-toluyl)sulfite, methylvinyl sulfite,methylallyl sulfite, methylbenzyl sulfite, ethylpropyl sulfite,ethylisopropyl sulfite, ethyl-n-butyl sulfite, ethylisobutyl sulfite,ethyl-tert-butyl sulfite, ethylcyclopentyl sulfite, ethylcyclohexylsulfite, ethylphenyl sulfite, ethyl(2-toluyl)sulfite,ethyl(3-toluyl)sulfite, ethyl(4-toluyl)sulfite, ethylvinyl sulfite,ethylallyl sulfite, ethylbenzyl sulfite, phenylpropyl sulfite,phenylisopropyl sulfite, phenyl-n-butyl sulfite, phenylisobutyl sulfite,phenyl-tert-butyl sulfite, phenylcyclopentyl sulfite, phenylcyclohexylsulfite, phenyl(2-toluyl) sulfite, phenyl(3-toluyl)sulfite,phenyl(4-toluyl) sulfite, phenylvinyl sulfite, phenylallyl sulfite andphenylbenzyl sulfite.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups and at least one of them contains afluorine substituent include methyl(fluoromethyl)sulfite,methyl(difluoromethyl) sulfite, methyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfite,methyl(1-fluoroethyl)sulfite, methyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfite,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfite, methyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfite,methyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfite,methyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfite,methyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfite, methyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfite,methyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfite,methyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfite, methyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfite,methyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfite, methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite,methyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite, methyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite,methyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfite, methyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfite,methyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfite, methyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfite,methyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfite, methyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfite,methyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfite, methyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfite,methyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfite, methyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfite,methyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfite, methyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfite,methyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,methyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,methyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,methyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite, ethyl(fluoromethyl)sulfite,ethyl(difluoromethyl) sulfite, ethyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfite,ethyl(1-fluoroethyl)sulfite, ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfite,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfite, ethyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfite,ethyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfite,ethyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) sulfite,ethyl(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfite, ethyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfite,ethyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfite,ethyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfite, ethyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfite,ethyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfite, ethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite,ethyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite, ethyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfite,ethyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfite, ethyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfite,ethyl(3-fluorophenyl)sulfite, ethyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfite,ethyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfite, ethyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfite,ethyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfite, ethyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfite,ethyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfite, ethyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfite,ethyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfite, ethyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfite,ethyl[(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]sulfite,ethyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,ethyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,ethyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite, phenyl(fluoromethyl)sulfite,phenyl(difluoromethyl) sulfite, phenyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfite,phenyl(1-fluoroethyl) sulfite, phenyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfite,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfite, phenyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfite,phenyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfite,phenyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfite,phenyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfite, phenyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfite,phenyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfite,phenyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfite, phenyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfite,phenyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfite, phenyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite,phenyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite, phenyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfite,phenyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfite, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfite,phenyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfite, phenyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfite,phenyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfite, phenyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfite,phenyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfite, phenyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfite,phenyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfite, phenyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfite,phenyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfite, phenyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfite,phenyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,phenyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,phenyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite andphenyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent chained saturated hydrocarbon groups and both of them have afluorine substituent include(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(fluoromethyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(difluoromethyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluoroethyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroethyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoroethyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-butyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorocyclohexyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorophenyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorophenyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,3-difluorophenyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorophenyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluorovinyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorovinyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorovinyl)sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite and(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfite.

Chain Compound Possessing a Functional Group of the Formula (C-9):

As chain compound possessing a functional group represented by the aboveformula (C-9) include the following.

Concrete examples of the aliphatic sulfonic acid ester possessing achained saturated hydrocarbon group include methyl methanesulfonate,ethyl methanesulfonate, n-propyl methanesulfonate, isopropylmethanesulfonate, n-butyl methanesulfonate, isobutyl methanesulfonate,tert-butyl methanesulfonate, methyl ethanesulfonate, ethylethanesulfonate, n-propyl ethanesulfonate, isopropyl ethanesulfonate,n-butyl ethanesulfonate, isobutyl ethanesulfonate and tert-butylethanesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aliphatic sulfonic acid ester possessing acyclic saturated hydrocarbon group include cyclopentyl methanesulfonate,cyclohexyl methanesulfonate, cyclopentyl ethanesulfonate and cyclohexylethanesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aliphatic sulfonic acid ester possessing anunsaturated hydrocarbon group include phenyl methanesulfonate,(2-toluyl)methanesulfonate, (3-toluyl)methanesulfonate,(4-toluyl)methanesulfonate, vinyl methanesulfonate, allylmethanesulfonate, benzyl methanesulfonate, phenyl ethanesulfonate,(2-toluyl)ethanesulfonate, (3-toluyl)ethanesulfonate,(4-toluyl)ethanesulfonate, vinyl ethanesulfonate, allyl ethanesulfonateand benzyl ethanesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aliphatic sulfonic acid ester derivative thatis substituted with a fluorine atom include methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, ethyl trifluoromethane sulfonate, n-propyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, isopropyl trifluoromethane sulfonate, n-butyltrifluoromethane sulfonate, isobutyl trifluoromethane sulfonate,tert-butyl trifluoromethane sulfonate, cyclopentyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, cyclohexyl trifluoromethane sulfonate, phenyltrifluoromethane sulfonate, (2-toluyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(3-toluyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate, (4-toluyl)trifluoromethanesulfonate, vinyl trifluoromethane sulfonate, allyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, benzyl trifluoromethane sulfonate,(fluoromethyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(difluoromethyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(trifluoromethyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(1-fluoroethyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2-fluoroethyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(perfluoroethyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(perfluoro-n-propyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2-fluoroisopropyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(perfluoro-n-butyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(perfluoro-tert-butyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(3-fluorocyclohexyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(4-fluorocyclohexyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(perfluorocyclohexyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2-fluorophenyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(3-fluorophenyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(4-fluorophenyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2,3-difluorophenyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2,4-difluorophenyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(3,5-difluorophenyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(perfluorophenyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(1-fluorovinyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(2-fluorovinyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate,(perfluorovinyl)trifluoromethane sulfonate, (2-fluorophenyl)methyltrifluoromethane sulfonate, (3-fluorophenyl)methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl trifluoromethane sulfonate and(perfluorophenyl)methyl trifluoromethane sulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aliphatic sulfonic acid ester derivative inwhich hydrogen atom in the ester moiety is substituted by fluorine atominclude (fluoromethyl)methanesulfonate, (difluoromethyl)methanesulfonate, (trifluoromethyl)methanesulfonate,(1-fluoroethyl)methanesulfonate, (2-fluoroethyl) methanesulfonate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) methanesulfonate,(perfluoroethyl)methanesulfonate,(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)methanesulfonate,(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)methanesulfonate,(perfluoro-n-propyl)methanesulfonate,(2-fluoroisopropyl)methanesulfonate,(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)methanesulfonate,(perfluoro-n-butyl) methanesulfonate, (2-fluoro-tert-butyl)methanesulfonate, (perfluoro-tert-butyl) methanesulfonate,(fluoromethyl) ethanesulfonate, (difluoromethyl) ethanesulfonate,(trifluoromethyl) ethanesulfonate, (1-fluoroethyl) ethanesulfonate,(2-fluoroethyl) ethanesulfonate, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethanesulfonate,(perfluoroethyl) ethanesulfonate, (3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)ethanesulfonate, (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) ethanesulfonate,(perfluoro-n-propyl) ethanesulfonate, (2-fluoroisopropyl)ethanesulfonate, (2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) ethanesulfonate,(perfluoro-n-butyl) ethanesulfonate, (2-fluoro-tert-butyl)ethanesulfonate and (perfluoro-tert-butyl) ethanesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aliphatic sulfonic acid ester possessing acyclic saturated hydrocarbon group that is substituted with a fluorineatom include (2-fluorocyclohexyl)methanesulfonate,(3-fluorocyclohexyl)methanesulfonate,(4-fluorocyclohexyl)methanesulfonate,(perfluorocyclohexyl)methanesulfonate, (2-fluorocyclohexyl)ethanesulfonate, (3-fluorocyclohexyl) ethanesulfonate,(4-fluorocyclohexyl) ethanesulfonate and (perfluorocyclohexyl)ethanesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aliphatic sulfonic acid ester possessing anunsaturated hydrocarbon group that is substituted with a fluorine atominclude (2-fluorophenyl)methanesulfonate, (3-fluorophenyl)methanesulfonate, (4-fluorophenyl)methanesulfonate,(2,3-difluorophenyl)methanesulfonate,(2,4-difluorophenyl)methanesulfonate,(3,5-difluorophenyl)methanesulfonate,(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)methanesulfonate, (perfluorophenyl)methanesulfonate, (1-fluorovinyl)methanesulfonate,(2-fluorovinyl)methanesulfonate, (perfluorovinyl) methanesulfonate,(2-fluorophenyl)methyl methanesulfonate, (3-fluorophenyl)methylmethanesulfonate, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl methanesulfonate,(perfluorophenyl)methyl methanesulfonate, (2-fluorophenyl)ethanesulfonate, (3-fluorophenyl) ethanesulfonate, (4-fluorophenyl)ethanesulfonate, (2,3-difluorophenyl) ethanesulfonate,(2,4-difluorophenyl) ethanesulfonate, (3,5-difluorophenyl)ethanesulfonate, (2,4,6-trifluorophenyl) ethanesulfonate,(perfluorophenyl) ethanesulfonate, (1-fluorovinyl) ethanesulfonate,(2-fluorovinyl) ethanesulfonate, (perfluorovinyl) ethanesulfonate,(2-fluorophenyl)methyl ethanesulfonate, (3-fluorophenyl)methylethanesulfonate, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl ethanesulfonate and(perfluorophenyl)methyl ethanesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aromatic sulfonic acid ester possessing achained saturated hydrocarbon group include methyl benzenesulfonate,ethyl benzenesulfonate, n-propyl benzenesulfonate, isopropylbenzenesulfonate, n-butyl benzenesulfonate, isobutyl benzenesulfonate,tert-butyl benzenesulfonate, methyl p-toluenesulfonate, ethylp-toluenesulfonate, n-propyl p-toluenesulfonate, isopropylp-toluenesulfonate, n-butyl p-toluenesulfonate, isobutylp-toluenesulfonate and tert-butyl p-toluenesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aromatic sulfonic acid ester possessing acyclic saturated hydrocarbon group include cyclopentyl benzenesulfonate,cyclohexyl benzenesulfonate, cyclopentyl p-toluenesulfonate andcyclohexyl p-toluenesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aromatic sulfonic acid ester possessing anunsaturated hydrocarbon group include phenyl benzenesulfonate,(2-toluyl)benzenesulfonate, (3-toluyl)benzenesulfonate,(4-toluyl)benzenesulfonate, vinyl benzenesulfonate, allylbenzenesulfonate, benzyl benzenesulfonate, phenyl p-toluenesulfonate,(2-toluyl) p-toluenesulfonate, (3-toluyl) p-toluenesulfonate, (4-toluyl)p-toluenesulfonate, vinyl p-toluenesulfonate, allyl p-toluenesulfonateand benzyl p-toluenesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aromatic sulfonic acid ester possessing achained saturated hydrocarbon group that is substituted with a fluorineatom include (fluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate,(difluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate, (trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate,(1-fluoroethyl)benzenesulfonate, (2-fluoroethyl)benzenesulfonate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzenesulfonate,(perfluoroethyl)benzenesulfonate,(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)benzenesulfonate,(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)benzenesulfonate,(perfluoro-n-propyl)benzenesulfonate,(2-fluoroisopropyl)benzenesulfonate,(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)benzenesulfonate,(perfluoro-n-butyl)benzenesulfonate,(2-fluoro-tert-butyl)benzenesulfonate,(perfluoro-tert-butyl)benzenesulfonate, (fluoromethyl)p-toluenesulfonate, (difluoromethyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(trifluoromethyl) p-toluenesulfonate, (1-fluoroethyl)p-toluenesulfonate, (2-fluoroethyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) p-toluenesulfonate, (perfluoroethyl)p-toluenesulfonate, (3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(perfluoro-n-propyl) p-toluenesulfonate, (2-fluoroisopropyl)p-toluenesulfonate, (2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)p-toluenesulfonate, (perfluoro-n-butyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) p-toluenesulfonate and (perfluoro-tert-butyl)p-toluenesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aromatic sulfonic acid ester possessing acyclic saturated hydrocarbon group that is substituted with a fluorineatom include (2-fluorocyclohexyl)benzenesulfonate,(3-fluorocyclohexyl)benzenesulfonate,(4-fluorocyclohexyl)benzenesulfonate,(perfluorocyclohexyl)benzenesulfonate, (2-fluorocyclohexyl)p-toluenesulfonate, (3-fluorocyclohexyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(4-fluorocyclohexyl) p-toluenesulfonate and (perfluorocyclohexyl)p-toluenesulfonate.

Concrete examples of the aromatic sulfonic acid ester possessing anunsaturated hydrocarbon group that is substituted with a fluorinesubstituent include (2-fluorophenyl)benzenesulfonate,(3-fluorophenyl)benzenesulfonate, (4-fluorophenyl) benzenesulfonate,(2,3-difluorophenyl)benzenesulfonate,(2,4-difluorophenyl)benzenesulfonate,(3,5-difluorophenyl)benzenesulfonate,(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)benzenesulfonate,(perfluorophenyl)benzenesulfonate, (1-fluorovinyl)benzenesulfonate,(2-fluorovinyl)benzenesulfonate, (perfluorovinyl)benzenesulfonate,(2-fluorophenyl)methyl benzenesulfonate, (3-fluorophenyl)methylbenzenesulfonate, (4-fluorophenyl)methyl benzenesulfonate,(perfluorophenyl)methyl benzenesulfonate, (2-fluorophenyl)p-toluenesulfonate, (3-fluorophenyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(4-fluorophenyl) p-toluenesulfonate, (2,3-difluorophenyl)p-toluenesulfonate, (2,4-difluorophenyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(3,5-difluorophenyl) p-toluenesulfonate, (2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)p-toluenesulfonate, (perfluorophenyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(1-fluorovinyl) p-toluenesulfonate, (2-fluorovinyl) p-toluenesulfonate,(perfluorovinyl) p-toluenesulfonate, (2-fluorophenyl)methylp-toluenesulfonate, (3-fluorophenyl)methyl p-toluenesulfonate,(4-fluorophenyl)methyl p-toluenesulfonate and (perfluorophenyl)methylp-toluenesulfonate.

Chain Compound Possessing a Functional Group of the Formula (C-10):

As chain compound possessing a functional group represented by the aboveformula (C-10) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, di-n-propylsulfate, diisopropyl sulfate, di-n-butyl sulfate, diisobutyl sulfate anddi-tert-butyl sulfate.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include dicyclopentyl sulfate and dicyclohexylsulfate.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include diphenyl sulfate, di(2-toluyl)sulfate, di-(3-toluyl)sulfate, di(4-toluyl)sulfate, divinyl sulfate, diallyl sulfate anddibenzyl sulfate.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedchained saturated hydrocarbon group include bis(fluoromethyl)sulfate,bis(difluoromethyl)sulfate, bis(trifluoromethyl) sulfate,di(1-fluoroethyl)sulfate, di(2-fluoroethyl) sulfate,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) sulfate, bis(perfluoroethyl)sulfate,bis(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfate,bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfate, bis(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfate, di(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfate,bis(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfate,bis(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfate, di(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfate andbis(perfluoro-tert-butyl)sulfate.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedcyclic saturated hydrocarbon group includedi(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate, di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate,di(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfate and bis(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfate.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a fluorine-substitutedunsaturated hydrocarbon group include di(2-fluorophenyl)sulfate,di(3-fluorophenyl)sulfate, di(4-fluorophenyl)sulfate,bis(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfate, bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)sulfate,bis(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfate, bis(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfate,bis(perfluorophenyl)sulfate, di(1-fluorovinyl) sulfate,di(2-fluorovinyl)sulfate, bis(perfluorovinyl)sulfate,bis[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate, bis[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,bis[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate andbis[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups include ethylmethyl sulfate, methylpropylsulfate, methylisopropyl sulfate, methyl-n-butyl sulfate, methylisobutylsulfate, methyl-tert-butyl sulfate, methylcyclopentyl sulfate,methylcyclohexyl sulfate, methylphenyl sulfate, methyl(2-toluyl)sulfate,methyl(3-toluyl)sulfate, methyl(4-toluyl)sulfate, methylvinyl sulfate,methylallyl sulfate, methylbenzyl sulfate, ethylpropyl sulfate,ethylisopropyl sulfate, ethyl-n-butyl sulfate, ethylisobutyl sulfate,ethyl-tert-butyl sulfate, ethylcyclopentyl sulfate, ethylcyclohexylsulfate, ethylphenyl sulfate, ethyl(2-toluyl)sulfate,ethyl(3-toluyl)sulfate, ethyl(4-toluyl)sulfate, ethylvinyl sulfate,ethylallyl sulfate, ethylbenzyl sulfate, phenylpropyl sulfate,phenylisopropyl sulfate, phenyl n-butyl sulfate, phenylisobutyl sulfate,phenyl tert-butyl sulfate, phenylcyclopentyl sulfate, phenylcyclohexylsulfate, phenyl(2-toluyl) sulfate, phenyl(3-toluyl)sulfate,phenyl(4-toluyl) sulfate, phenylvinyl sulfate, phenylallyl sulfate andphenylbenzyl sulfate.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent hydrocarbon groups and at least one of them contains afluorine substituent include methyl(fluoromethyl)sulfate,methyl(difluoromethyl) sulfate, methyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfate,methyl(1-fluoroethyl)sulfate, methyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfate,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfate, methyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfate,methyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfate,methyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfate,methyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfate, methyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfate,methyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfate,methyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfate, methyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfate,methyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfate, methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate,methyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate, methyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate,methyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfate, methyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfate,methyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfate, methyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfate,methyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfate, methyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfate,methyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfate, methyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfate,methyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfate, methyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfate,methyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfate, methyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfate,methyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,methyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,methyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,methyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate, ethyl(fluoromethyl)sulfate,ethyl(difluoromethyl) sulfate, ethyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfate,ethyl(1-fluoroethyl)sulfate, ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfate,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfate, ethyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfate,ethyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfate,ethyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl) sulfate,ethyl(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfate, ethyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfate,ethyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfate,ethyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfate, ethyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfate,ethyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfate, ethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate,ethyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate, ethyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfate,ethyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfate, ethyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfate,ethyl(3-fluorophenyl)sulfate, ethyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfate,ethyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfate, ethyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfate,ethyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfate, ethyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfate,ethyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfate, ethyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfate,ethyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfate, ethyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfate,ethyl[(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]sulfate,ethyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,ethyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,ethyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate, phenyl(fluoromethyl)sulfate,phenyl(difluoromethyl) sulfate, phenyl(trifluoromethyl)sulfate,phenyl(1-fluoroethyl) sulfate, phenyl(2-fluoroethyl)sulfate,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfate, phenyl(perfluoroethyl)sulfate,phenyl(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl)sulfate,phenyl(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfate,phenyl(perfluoro-n-propyl) sulfate, phenyl(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfate,phenyl(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl)sulfate,phenyl(perfluoro-n-butyl)sulfate, phenyl(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfate,phenyl(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfate, phenyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate,phenyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate, phenyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)sulfate,phenyl(perfluorocyclohexyl)sulfate, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)sulfate,phenyl(3-fluorophenyl) sulfate, phenyl(4-fluorophenyl)sulfate,phenyl(2,3-difluorophenyl)sulfate, phenyl(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfate,phenyl(3,5-difluorophenyl)sulfate, phenyl(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfate,phenyl(perfluorophenyl)sulfate, phenyl(1-fluorovinyl) sulfate,phenyl(2-fluorovinyl)sulfate, phenyl(perfluorovinyl)sulfate,phenyl[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,phenyl[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,phenyl[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate andphenyl[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate.

Concrete examples of the compound in which R^(c1) and R^(c2) aredifferent chained saturated hydrocarbon groups and both of them have afluorine substituent include(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(fluoromethyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(difluoromethyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(trifluoromethyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluoroethyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroethyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoroethyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-n-propyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-propyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoroisopropyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2,2′,2′,2′-hexafluoroisopropyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-n-butyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluoro-tert-butyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluoro-tert-butyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorocyclohexyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorocyclohexyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3-fluorophenyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(4-fluorophenyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,3-difluorophenyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4-difluorophenyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(3,5-difluorophenyl) sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorophenyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(1-fluorovinyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorovinyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(perfluorovinyl)sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate and(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)[(perfluorophenyl)methyl]sulfate.

Of the compounds represented by the above formula (C-2), preferable asspecific compound (C) from the standpoint of ease of synthesis andindustrial availability are dimethylsulfide, diethylsulfide,dibutylsulfide, diphenylsulfide, dibenzylsulfide, diallylsulfide,butylmethylsulfide, butylethylsulfide, methylphenylsulfide,ethylphenylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, diethyldisulfide,dibutyldisulfide, diphenyldisulfide, dibenzyldisulfide,diallyldisulfide, butylmethyldisulfide, butylethyldisulfide,methylphenyldisulfide, ethylphenyldisulfide, dimethylsulfoxide,dibutylsulfoxide, diphenylsulfoxide, dibenzylsulfoxide,methylphenylsulfoxide, phenylvinylsulfoxide, dimethylsulfone,diethylsulfone, dibutylsulfone, diphenylsulfone, divinylsulfone,methylphenylsulfone, ethylphenylsulfone, allylphenylsulfone,fluoromethylphenylsulfone, phenylvinylsulfone,bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone, dimethylsulfite, diethylsulfite,di-n-propylsulfite, dipropargylsulfite, diphenylsulfite,bis(2,2,2-trifluoromethyl)sulfite, ethylmethylsulfite,1-fluoroethylmethylsulfite, 2-fluoroethylmethylsulfite,trifluoroethylmethylsulfite, methyl methanesulfonate, ethylmethanesulfonate, phenyl methanesulfonate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methanesulfonate, methyl2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, methyl benzenesulfonate, ethylbenzenesulfonate, phenyl benzenesulfonate, methyl p-toluylsulfonate,ethyl p-toluylsulfonate, phenyl p-toluylsulfonate, dimethylsulfate,diethylsulfate, diisopropylsulfate and bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfate.

<I-1-C-3. Chain Compound Represented by the Formula (C-3)>[Chemical Formula 57](R^(c3)-A

_(z)R^(c4)  (C-3)

In the above formula (C-3), R^(c3) represents a hydrocarbon group, whichmay have a halogen atom, with carbon number of 1 or larger and 20 orsmaller.

A^(c) represents a sulfur-containing functional group represented by theabove formula (C-1).

z represents an integer of 2 or larger and 4 or smaller.

R^(c4) represents a hydrocarbon group, which may have a halogen atom,with z number of connection parts and with carbon number of 1 or largerand 20 or smaller.

In this context, the z number of R^(c3) and A^(c) may be the same as ordifferent from each other, respectively.

The chain compound represented by the above formula (C-3) contains asulfur-containing functional group A^(c), the number of which is equalto z (namely 2 or more, and 4 or less). Combination of thissulfur-containing functional group A^(c) include the following.

-   -   In the case that z=2

The following can be listed: formula (C-4) and formula (C-4), formula(C-5) and formula (C-5), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6), formula (C-7)and formula (C-7), formula (C-8) and formula (C-8), formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-10) and formula (C-10), formula (C-4) andformula (C-5), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6), formula (C-4) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-8), formula (C-4) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-10), formula (C-5) andformula (C-6), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7), formula (C-5) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-9), formula (C-5) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7), formula (C-6) andformula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-9), formula (C-6) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-8), formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-7) and formula (C-10), formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-8) and formula (C-10), and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10).

-   -   In the case that z=3

The following can be listed: formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula(C-4), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5), formula (C-6)and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8),formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9), formula (C-10) andformula (C-10) and formula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) andformula (C-5), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (6)[SIC],formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-7), formula (C-4) andformula (C-4) and formula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-10),formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5), formula (C-4) andformula (C-5) and formula (6) [SIC], formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-8),formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-9), formula (C-4) andformula (C-5) and formula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) andformula (6) [SIC], formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7),formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8), formula (C-4) andformula (C-6) and formula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7),formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8), formula (C-4) andformula (C-7) and formula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8),formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9), formula (C-4) andformula (C-8) and formula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10),formula (C-4) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10), formula (C-5) andformula (C-5) and formula (6) [SIC], formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-7), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-8),formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-9), formula (C-5) andformula (C-5) and formula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (6) [SIC], formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7),formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8), formula (C-5) andformula (C-6) and formula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7),formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8), formula (C-5) andformula (C-7) and formula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8),formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9), formula (C-5) andformula (C-8) and formula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10),formula (C-5) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10), formula (C-6) andformula (C-6) and formula (C-7), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-9),formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-10), formula (C-6) andformula (C-7) and formula (C-7), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9),formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-10), formula (C-6) andformula (C-8) and formula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-10),formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9), formula (C-6) andformula (C-9) and formula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8),formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9), formula (C-7) andformula (C-7) and formula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9),formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-10), formula (C-7) andformula (C-9) and formula (C-9), formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10),formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9), formula (C-8) andformula (C-8) and formula (C-10), formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10),formula (C-8) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10), formula (C-9) andformula (C-9) and formula (C-10), and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10)and formula (C-10).

-   -   In the case that z=4:

The following can be listed: formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula(C-4) and formula (C-4), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula(C-5) and formula (C-5), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula(C-6) and formula (C-6), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula(C-7) and (7), formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-10) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) andformula (C-5), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) andformula (C-6), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-5), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-6), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-6), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-4) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-5), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-6), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-6), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-6), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-4) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-4) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-6), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-7), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-6), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-7), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-5) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-6), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-7), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-5) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-5) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-7), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-6) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-7), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-6) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-8), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-9), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-7) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-8), formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-7) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-9), formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) andformula (C-10), formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-8) and formula (C-8) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9), formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-8) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-8) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-10), formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10) andformula (C-10), and formula (C-9) and formula (C-10) and formula (C-10)and formula (C-10).

Of these combinations, preferable from the standpoints of ease ofsynthesis, industrial availability and the like are combinations offormula (C-4) and formula (C-4), formula (C-4) and formula (C-6),formula (C-7) and formula (C-7), formula (C-8) and formula (C-8),formula (C-9) and formula (C-9), and formula (C-9) and formula (C-9) andformula (C-9).

The details such as the kind of the hydrocarbon group, the number ofcarbon atoms and concrete examples of R^(c3) of the above formula (C-3)are the same as described previously for R^(c1) and R^(c2) in the aboveformula (C-2). The details where the hydrocarbon group of R^(c3) issubstituted with a halogen atom are also the same as describedpreviously for R^(c1) and R^(c2) in the above formula (C-2).

R^(c4) in the above formula (C-3) is a hydrocarbon group with a valencyvalue of z (namely, bivalent or more, and tetravalent or less), whichcan be obtained by removal of z number of hydrogen atoms (namely, 2 ormore and 4 or less) from an arbitrary hydrocarbon with 20 or less carbonnumber. There is no special limitation on the kind of the hydrocarbongroup. They may be an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or aromatichydrocarbon group or a combination of aliphatic hydrocarbon group andaromatic hydrocarbon group. The aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be asaturated hydrocarbon group, or it may contain an unsaturated bond(carbon to carbon double bond or carbon to carbon triple bond). Inaddition, the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be chained or cyclic. Whenit is chained, the chain may be straight or branched. Further, the chainand ring may be connected with each other.

The number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon group R^(c4) is usually 1or more, and usually 20 or less, preferably 10 or less, more preferably6 or less. When the carbon number of the hydrocarbon group R^(c4) is toomany, solubility in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte tends todecrease.

Concrete examples of the hydrocarbon group which are preferable asR^(c4) will be listed below.

Concrete examples of R^(c4) possessing two bonding sites include1,1-disubstituted methane, 1,1-disubstituted ethane, 1,2-disubstitutedethane, 1,1-disubstituted propane, 1,2-disubstituted propane,1,3-disubstituted propane, 1,1-disubstituted butane, 1,2-disubstitutedbutane, 1,3-disubstituted butane, 1,4-disubstituted butane,2,3-disubstituted butane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-disubstituted propane,1,1-disubstituted ethylene, 1,2-disubstituted ethylene,1,1-disubstituted propylene, 1,2-disubstituted propylene,1,3-disubstituted propylene, 2,2-disubstituted propylene,2,3-disubstituted propylene, 3,3-disubstituted propylene,1,1-disubstituted-1-butylene, 1,2-disubstituted-1-butylene,1,3-disubstituted-1-butylene, 1,4-disubstituted-1-butylene,2,3-disubstituted-1-butylene, 2,4-disubstituted-1-butylene,3,3-disubstituted-1-butylene, 3,4-disubstituted-1-butylene,4,4-disubstituted-1-butylene, 1,1-disubstituted-2-butylene,1,2-disubstituted-2-butylene, 1,3-disubstituted-2-butylene,1,4-disubstituted-2-butylene, 2,3-disubstituted-2-butylene,1,1-disubstituted-2-butine and 1,4-disubstituted-2-butine.

Concrete examples of R^(c4) possessing three bonding sites include1,1,1-trisubstituted methane, 1,1,2-trisubstituted ethane,1,1,3-trisubstituted propane, 1,2,2-trisubstituted propane,1,2,3-trisubstituted propane, 1,1,1-trisubstituted butane,1,1,2-trisubstituted butane, 1,1,3-trisubstituted butane,1,1,4-trisubstituted butane, 1,2,2-trisubstituted butane,1,2,3-trisubstituted butane, 1,2,4-trisubstituted butane,1,3,3-trisubstituted butane and 2,2,3-trisubstituted butane.

Concrete examples of R^(c4) possessing four bonding sites include1,1,1,1-tetrasubstituted methane, 1,1,1,2-tetrasubstituted ethane,1,1,2,2-tetrasubstituted ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrasubstituted propane,1,1,1,3-tetrasubstituted propane, 1,1,2,2-tetrasubstituted propane,1,1,2,3-tetrasubstituted propane, 1,2,2,3-tetrasubstituted propane,1,1,1,2-tetrasubstituted butane, 1,1,1,3-tetrasubstituted butane,1,1,1,4-tetrasubstituted butane, 1,1,2,2-tetrasubstituted butane,1,1,2,3-tetrasubstituted butane, 1,1,2,4-tetrasubstituted butane,1,1,3,3-tetrasubstituted butane, 1,1,3,4-tetrasubstituted butane,1,2,2,3-tetrasubstituted butane, 1,2,2,4-tetrasubstituted butane,1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted butane, 1,3,3,4-tetrasubstituted butane and2,2,3,3-tetrasubstituted butane.

Of these compounds, preferable from the standpoints of chemicalstability and ease of industrial availability are 1,2-disubstitutedethane, 1,2-disubstituted propane, 1,3-disubstituted propane,1,2-disubstituted butane, 1,3-disubstituted butane, 1,4-disubstitutedbutane, 2,3-disubstituted butane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-disubstitutedpropane, 1,2-disubstituted ethylene, 1,4-disubstituted-2-butylene,1,2,3-trisubstituted propane, 1,2,3-trisubstituted butane,1,2,4-trisubstituted butane and 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted butane.

In the hydrocarbon group of R^(c4) in the above formula (C-3), a part orall of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms may be substitutedwith halogen atoms.

The halogen atom include fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom andiodine atom. Particularly preferable are fluorine atom, chlorine atomand bromine atom. From the standpoint of chemical stability orelectrochemical stability, fluorine atom and chlorine atom are morepreferable.

When the hydrocarbon group of R^(c4) is substituted with a halogen atom,no particular limitation is imposed on the number of the halogen atoms.A part of the hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon group may be substitutedwith halogen atoms or all of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted withhalogen atoms. When the hydrocarbon group R^(c4) has a plurality ofhalogen atoms, those halogen atoms may be the same as or different fromeach other.

Next, concrete examples of the compound represented by the above formula(C-3), as classified according to the sulfur-containing functional grouprepresented by the formula (C-1), will be listed below.

Chain Compound Possessing Two Functional Groups of the Formula (C-4):

Chain compound possessing two functional groups represented by the aboveformula (C-4) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include bis(methylthio)methane,benzaldehydediethylmercaptal, bis(phenylthio)methane,1,2-bis(ethylthio)ethane and 1-{[2-(propylthio)ethyl]thio}propane.

Concrete example of the compound possessing a cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include bis(cyclopentylthio)methane,bis(cyclohexylthio)methane and 1,2-bis(cyclohexylthio)ethane.

Concrete example of the compound possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include {[2-(phenylthio)ethyl]thio}benzene.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a hydrocarbon groupcontaining a fluorine atom include bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio)methane,bis(2-fluorophenylthio)methane, bis(3-fluorohenylthio)methane andbis(4-fluorophenylthio)methane.

Chain Compound Possessing a Functional Group of the Formula (C-4) andFunctional Group of the Formula (C-6):

Chain compound possessing a functional group represented by the formula(C-4) and a functional group represented by the formula (C-6) includethe following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include methyl(methylsulfinylmethyl)sulfide andethyl(ethylsulfinylmethyl)sulfide.

Chain Compound Possessing Two Functional Groups of the Formula (C-7):

Chain compound possessing two functional groups represented by the aboveformula (C-7) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include 1,4-bis(methylsulfonyl)butane,1,4-bis(ethylsulfonyl)butane and 1,4-bis(tert-butylsulfonyl)butane.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a cyclic saturatedhydrocarbon group include 1,4-bis(cyclopentylsulfonyl)butane,1,4-bis(cyclohexylsulfonyl)butane and1,4-bis(2-fluorocyclohexylsulfonyl)butane.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include 1,2-bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethane and1-{[4-(vinylsulfonyl)butyl]sulfonyl}ethylene.

Chain Compound Possessing Two Functional Groups of the Formula (C-8):

Chain compound possessing two functional groups represented by the aboveformula (C-8) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include 1,2-bis(methoxysulfinyloxy)ethane,1,2-bis(ethoxysulfinyloxy)ethane, (methoxysulfinyloxyethyl)ethylsulfite,1,2-bis(cyclohexyloxysulfinyloxy)ethane and1,2-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxysulfinyloxy)ethane.

Chain Compound Possessing Two Functional Groups of the Formula (C-9):

Chain compound possessing two functional groups represented by the aboveformula (C-9) include the following.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include dimethyl 1,2-ethanedisulfonate, diethyl1,2-ethanedisulfonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) 1,2-ethanedisulfonate,dimethyl 1,3-propanedisulfonate, diethyl 1,3-propanedisulfonate,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) 1,3-propanedisulfonate, dimethyl1,3-perfluoropropanedisulfonate, diethyl1,3-perfluoropropanedisulfonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)1,3-perfluoropropanedisulfonate, busulfan, dimethyl1,4-butanedisulfonate, 1,4-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)butane and1,4-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyloxy)butane.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing a chained saturatedhydrocarbon group include 1,2-bis(methoxysulfonyl)cyclohexane,1,3-bis(methoxysulfonyl)cyclohexane,1,4-bis(methoxysulfonyl)cyclohexane,1,4-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxysulfonyl)cyclohexane, dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-disulfonate, diethyl cyclohexane-1,2-disulfonate,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexane-1,2-disulfonate, dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-disulfonate and dimethyl cyclohexane-1,4-disulfonate.

Concrete examples of the compound possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbongroup include diphenyl 1,2-ethanedisulfonate,1,3-propanediol-di-p-tosylate,2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol-di-p-tosylate, dimethyl1,2-benzenedisulfonate, diethyl 1,2-benzenedisulfonate,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) 1,2-benzenedisulfonate, dimethyl1,3-benzenedisulfonate and dimethyl 1,4-benzenedisulfonate.

Chain Compound Possessing Three Functional Groups of the Formula (C-9):

Chain compound possessing three functional groups represented by theabove formula (C-9) include 1,2,4-tris(methanesulfonyloxy)butane,1,2,4-tris(trifluoro methanesulfonyloxy)butane and1,2,4-tris(2,2,2-trifluoro ethanesulfonyloxy)butane.

Of the compounds exemplified above, represented by the formula (C-3),preferable as specific compound (C) from the standpoint of ease ofavailability, chemical stability or the like are bis(methylthio)methane,bis(phenylthio)methane, busulfan, 1,4-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyloxy)butane and 1,2,4-tris(methanesulfonyloxy)butane.

<I-1-C-4. Others>

There is no special limitation on the molecular weight of the specificcompound (C), insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. However, it is usually 60 or larger, andpreferably 90 or larger. There is no special limitation on the upperlimit, but when it is too high, viscosity tends to increase. Therefore,to be practical, it is usually 600 or smaller, preferably 400 orsmaller.

There is no special limitation on the method of producing the specificcompound (C), either, and any known method can be selected and used.

The specific compound (C) explained above can be included in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention either as asingle kind or as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combination andin any ratio.

There is no special limitation on the proportion of the specificcompound (C) in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the presentinvention, insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. However, it is preferable that the concentrationin the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention isusually 0.01 weight % or higher, preferably 0.1 weight % or higher, andusually 10 weight % or lower, preferably 5 weight % or lower. If theproportion is below the lower limit of the above range, an adequateeffect of improving cycle performance of the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery may not be guaranteed when the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of the present invention is used for the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery. On the other hand, when it exceedsthe upper limit of the above range, its chemical reactivity in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte may increase, leading possibly todecrease in battery characteristics of the above-mentioned non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery.

No limitation is imposed on the ratio of the specific compound (C)relative to the specific carbonate, in the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte of the present invention, either. However, it is preferablethat the relative weight ratio, represented by “weight of the specificcompound (C)/weight of the specific carbonate”, is in the range ofusually 0.0001 or higher, preferably 0.001 or higher, more preferably0.01 or higher, and usually 1000 or lower, preferably 100 or lower, morepreferably 10 or lower. If the above-mentioned relative weight ratio istoo high or too low, the synergistic effect may not be obtained.

By incorporating the above-mentioned specific compound (C) and thespecific carbonate in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, it is possibleto improve the charge-discharge cycle performance of the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery using the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte. The detailed reason is not clear, but inferred as follows.Namely, through the reaction between the specific compound (C) and thespecific carbonate contained in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, aneffective protective layer is formed on the surface of thenegative-electrode active material, leading to the suppression of sidereactions. Cycle deterioration is thus inhibited. The details of thisreaction is not clear, but it is inferred that coexistence of thespecific compound (C) and the specific carbonate in the liquidelectrolyte can somehow contribute to enhancement in the protectivelayer characteristics.

[I-1-D. Specific Compound (D)]

Specific compound (D) is an organic phosphorous compound represented bythe formula (D-1) below.

(In the above formula (D-1), p and q represent, independently of eachother, an integer of 0 or 1,

R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) represent, independently of each other, ahydrocarbon group, which may have a halogen atom, with carbon number of1 or larger and 20 or smaller.

Any two or more of R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) may be connected to eachother to form a ring structure.)

No particular limitation is imposed on the kind of the hydrocarbon groupof R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3). They may be an aliphatic hydrocarbon groupor aromatic hydrocarbon group or a combination of aliphatic hydrocarbongroup and aromatic hydrocarbon group. The aliphatic hydrocarbon groupmay be a saturated hydrocarbon group, or it may contain an unsaturatedbond (carbon to carbon double bond or carbon to carbon triple bond). Inaddition, the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be chained or cyclic. Whenit is chained, the chain may be straight or branched. Further, the chainand ring may be connected with each other.

The number of carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon groups R^(d1), R^(d2) andR^(d3) is usually 1 or more, and usually 20 or less, preferably 10 orless, more preferably 6 or less. When the carbon number of thehydrocarbon groups R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) is too many, solubility inthe non-aqueous liquid electrolyte tends to decrease.

Concrete examples of the hydrocarbon group which are preferable asR^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) will be listed below.

Concrete examples of the chained saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groupinclude methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group,n-butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group and2-ethylhexyl group.

Concrete examples of the cyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groupinclude cyclopropyl group, cyclopentyl group and cyclohexyl group.

Concrete examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group having anunsaturated bond (hereinafter abbreviated as “unsaturated aliphatichydrocarbon group”, as appropriate) include vinyl group, 1-propene-1-ylgroup, allyl group and crotyl group.

Concrete examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group, or hydrocarbongroup formed by bonding of aromatic hydrocarbon group and aliphatichydrocarbon group include phenyl group, toluyl group, xylyl group,cinnamyl group and benzyl group.

Of the hydrocarbon groups exemplified above, preferable as R^(d1),R^(d2) and R^(d3) from the standpoints of solubility in the liquidelectrolyte and ease of industrial availability are methyl group, ethylgroup, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group,tert-butyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexylgroup, phenyl group, toluyl group, vinyl group, allyl group and benzylgroup.

Two of R^(dl), R^(d2) and R^(d3) may be bonded together to form a ringstructure. Possible combinations include R^(d1) and R^(d2), R^(d1) andR^(d3), and R^(d2) and R^(d3). It is preferable that the member of thering formed, of the ring structure, is usually 4 or more, preferably 5or more, and usually 10 or less, preferably 7 or less, from thestandpoints of chemical stability and ease of industrial availability.

When any two of R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) are bonded together to form aring structure, the hydrocarbon groups bonded constitute a bivalenthydrocarbon group. Concrete examples of such a bivalent hydrocarbongroup include —CH₂CH₂— group, —CH₂CH₂CH₂— group, —CH₂CH(CH₃)— group,—CH₂CH(C₂H₅)— group, —CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)— group, —CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)— group,—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— group, —CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂— group, —CH═CH— group, —CH═CHCH₂—group, —CH═C(CH₃)— group, —CH₂C(═CH₂)— group, —CH═C(C₂H₅)— group,—C(CH₃)═C(CH₃)— group, —CH═CHCH(CH₃)— group, —CH₂CH═C(CH₃)— group,—CH═CHCH₂CH₂— group, —CH₂CH═CHCH₂— group and —CH₂C═CCH₂— group.

Of these, preferable as the bivalent hydrocarbon group from thestandpoints of chemical stability and ease of industrial availabilityare —CH₂CH₂— group, —CH₂CH₂CH₂— group, —CH₂CH(CH₃)— group,—CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)— group, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂— group, —CH═CH— group, —CH═CHCH₂—group, —CH═C(CH₃)— group, —CH═C(C₂H₅)— group, —C(CH₃)═C(CH₃)— group and—CH₂CH═CHCH₂— group.

In the hydrocarbon groups of R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) in the aboveformula (D-1), a part or all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbonatoms may be substituted by halogen atoms.

The halogen atom include fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom andiodine atom. Of these, fluorine atom, chlorine atom and bromine atom arepreferable. Particularly preferable from the standpoint of chemicalstability or electrochemical stability are fluorine atom and chlorineatom.

When each of the hydrocarbon groups of R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) issubstituted with a halogen atom, no particular limitation is imposed onthe number of the halogen atoms. A part of the hydrogen atoms of eachhydrocarbon group may be substituted by halogen atoms or all hydrogenatoms of each hydrocarbon group may be substituted by halogen atoms.When each hydrocarbon group of R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) has a pluralityof halogen atoms, those halogen atoms may be the same or different fromeach other.

Concrete examples of the halogen-substituted hydrocarbon groupspreferable as R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) will be cited below.

Concrete examples of the fluorine-substituted chained saturatedaliphatic hydrocarbon group include fluoromethyl group, difluoromethylgroup, trifluoromethyl group, 1-fluoroethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, perfluoroethyl group, 1-fluoro-n-propylgroup, 2-fluoro-n-propyl group, 3-fluoro-n-propyl group,3,3,3-trifluoro-n-propyl group, 1-fluoro-isopropyl group,perfluoro-n-propyl group, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl group,4,4,4-trifluoro-n-butyl group, perfluoro-n-butyl group,2-fluoro-tert-butyl group and perfluoro-tert-butyl group.

Concrete examples of the fluorine-substituted cyclic saturated aliphatichydrocarbon group include 2-fluorocyclohexyl group, 3-fluorocyclohexylgroup and 4-fluorocyclohexyl group.

Concrete examples of the fluorine-substituted unsaturated aliphatichydrocarbon group include 1-fluorovinyl group, 2-fluorovinyl group,2,2-difluorovinyl group, tetrafluorovinyl group, 2-fluoroallyl group and3-fluoroallyl group.

Concrete examples of the fluorine-substituted, aromatic hydrocarbongroup or hydrocarbon group formed by bonding of aromatic hydrocarbongroup and aliphatic hydrocarbon group include 2-fluorophenyl group,3-fluorophenyl group, 4-fluorophenyl group, difluorophenyl group,trifluorophenyl group, perfluorophenyl group, 2-fluorophenylmethylgroup, 3-fluorophenylmethyl group and 4-fluorophenylmethyl group.

Concrete examples of the chlorine-substituted chained saturatedaliphatic hydrocarbon group include chloromethyl group, dichloromethylgroup, trichloromethyl group, 1-chloroethyl group, 2-chloroethyl group,2,2,2-trichloroethyl group, perchloroethyl group, 1-chloro-n-propylgroup, 2-chloro-n-propyl group, 3-chloro-n-propyl group,perchloro-n-propyl group, 3,3,3-trichloro-n-propyl group,1-chloro-isopropyl group, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloroisopropyl group,4,4,4-trichloro-n-butyl group, perchloro-n-butyl group,2-chloro-tert-butyl group and perchloro-tert-butyl group.

Concrete examples of the chlorine-substituted chained [SIC] saturatedaliphatic hydrocarbon group include 2-chlorocyclohexyl group,3-chlorocyclohexyl group and 4-chlorocyclohexyl group.

Concrete examples of the chlorine-substituted unsaturated aliphatichydrocarbon group include 1-chlorovinyl group, 2-chlorovinyl group,2,2-dichlorovinyl group, tetrachlorovinyl group, 2-chloroallyl group and3-chloroallyl group.

Concrete examples of the chlorine-substituted, aromatic hydrocarbongroup or hydrocarbon group formed by bonding of aromatic hydrocarbongroup and aliphatic hydrocarbon group include 2-chlorophenyl group,3-chlorophenyl group, 4-chlorophenyl group, 2-chlorophenylmethyl group,3-chlorophenylmethyl group, 4-chlorophenylmethyl group andchlorofluoromethyl [SIC] group.

Regarding the bivalent hydrocarbon group formed by bonding of any two ofthe R^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) groups, a part or all of its hydrogenatoms may be substituted by halogen atoms.

Concrete example of the bivalent hydrocarbon group containing a halogenatom include —CH₂CHF— group, —CHFCHF— group, —CH₂CF₂— group, —CH₂CH₂CHF—group, —CH₂CHFCH₂— group, —CH₂CH(CF₃)— group, —CHFCH₂CH₂CH₂— group,—CH₂CHFCH₂CH₂— group, —CH═CF— group, —CF═CF— group, —CH═CFCH₂— group,—CH═CHCHF— group, —CF═C(CH₃)— group, —CH═C(CF₃)— group, —CHFCH═CHCH₂—group, —CH₂CF═CHCH₂— group, —CH₂CHCl— group, —CHFCHCl— group, —CH₂CCl₂—group, —CH₂CH₂CHCl— group, —CH₂CHClCH₂— group, —CH₂CH(CCl₃)— group,—CHClCH₂CH₂CH₂— group, —CH₂CHClCH₂CH₂— group, —CH═CCl— group, —CCl═CCl—group, —CH═CClCH₂— group, —CH═CHCHCl— group, —CCl═C(CH₃)— group,—CH═C(CCl₃)— group, —CHClCH═CHCH₂— group, —CH₂CCl═CHCH₂— group and—CHFCHCl— group.

Next, concrete examples of the compound represented by theabove-mentioned formula (D-1), as classified according to thecombination of p and q, will be listed below.

As described above, in the above-mentioned formula (D-1), p and qrepresent, independently of each other, an integer of 0 or 1. Therefore,possible combinations of (p,q) are (1,1), (1,0), (0,1) and (0,0).

<Examples of the Compound when p+q=2>

When p+q=2, namely (p,q)=(1,1), the compound represented by the aboveformula (D-1) is a phosphonic acid ester.

Examples of the phosphonic acid ester include phosphonic acid diesterscontaining substituents such as alkyl group, unsaturated hydrocarbongroup and aryl group.

Concrete examples of the alkylphosphonic acid diester containing analkyl substituent include dimethyl methylphosphonate, diethylethylphosphonate, di-n-propyl n-propylphosphonate, diisopropylisopropylphosphonate, di-n-butyl n-butylphosphonate, diisobutylisobutylphosphonate, di-tert-butyl tert-butylphosphonate, dicyclopentylcyclopentylphosphonate, dicyclohexyl cyclohexylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, di-n-propyl methylphosphonate, di-n-butylmethylphosphonate, dicyclopentyl methylphosphonate, dicyclohexylmethylphosphonate, di(2-cyclohexenyl)methylphosphonate,di(3-cyclohexenyl)methylphosphonate, divinyl methylphosphonate, diallylmethylphosphonate, dipropargyl methylphosphonate, diphenylmethylphosphonate, di(2-toluyl)methylphosphonate,di(3-toluyl)methylphosphonate, di(4-toluyl)methylphosphonate, dimethylethylphosphonate, di-n-propyl ethylphosphonate, di-n-butylethylphosphonate, dicyclopentyl ethylphosphonate, dicyclohexylethylphosphonate, di(2-cyclohexenyl)ethylphosphonate,di(3-cyclohexenyl)ethylphosphonate, divinyl ethylphosphonate, diallylethylphosphonate, dipropargyl ethylphosphonate, diphenylethylphosphonate, di(2-toluyl)ethylphosphonate,di(3-toluyl)ethylphosphonate, di(4-toluyl)ethylphosphonate, dimethyln-butylphosphonate, diethyl n-butylphosphonate, dimethylcyclohexylphosphonate, diethyl cyclohexylphosphonate, ethylmethylmethylphosphonate, methyl-n-propyl methylphosphonate, n-butylmethylmethylphosphonate, cyclopentylmethyl methylphosphonate, cyclohexylmethylmethylphosphonate, (2-cyclohexenyl)methyl methylphosphonate,(3-cyclohexenyl)methyl methylphosphonate, methylvinyl methylphosphonate,methylallyl methylphosphonate, methylpropargyl methylphosphonate,methylphenyl methylphosphonate, methyl(2-toluyl)methylphosphonate,methyl(3-toluyl)methylphosphonate, methyl(4-toluyl)methylphosphonate,ethyl-n-propyl methylphosphonate, cyclohexylethyl methylphosphonate,ethylphenyl methylphosphonate, cyclohexylphenyl methylphosphonate,vinylphenyl methylphosphonate, allylphenyl methylphosphonate,phenyl(2-toluyl)methylphosphonate, phenyl(4-toluyl)methylphosphonate,ethylmethyl ethylphosphonate, methyl-n-propyl ethylphosphonate,n-butylmethyl ethylphosphonate, cyclopentylmethyl ethylphosphonate,cyclohexylmethyl ethylphosphonate, (2-cyclohexenyl)methylethylphosphonate, (3-cyclohexenyl)methyl ethylphosphonate, methylvinylethylphosphonate, allylmethyl ethylphosphonate, methylpropargylethylphosphonate, methylphenyl ethylphosphonate,methyl(2-toluyl)ethylphosphonate, methyl(3-toluyl)ethylphosphonate,methyl(4-toluyl)ethylphosphonate, ethyl-n-propyl ethylphosphonate,cyclohexylethyl ethylphosphonate, ethylphenyl ethylphosphonate,cyclohexylphenyl ethylphosphonate, vinylphenyl ethylphosphonate,allylphenyl ethylphosphonate, phenyl(2-toluyl)ethylphosphonate,phenyl(4-toluyl)ethylphosphonate, ethylmethyl n-butylphosphonate,methyl-n-propyl n-butylphosphonate, n-butylmethyl n-butylphosphonate,cyclopentylmethyl n-butylphosphonate, cyclohexylmethyln-butylphosphonate, (2-cyclohexenyl)methyl n-butylphosphonate,(3-cyclohexenyl)methyl n-butylphosphonate, methylvinyln-butylphosphonate, allylmethyl n-butylphosphonate, methylpropargyln-butylphosphonate, methylphenyl n-butylphosphonate,methyl(2-toluyl)n-butylphosphonate, methyl(3-toluyl) n-butylphosphonate,methyl(4-toluyl)n-butylphosphonate, ethyl-n-propyl n-butylphosphonate,cyclohexylethyl n-butylphosphonate, ethylphenyl n-butylphosphonate,cyclohexylphenyl n-butylphosphonate, vinylphenyl n-butylphosphonate,allylphenyl n-butylphosphonate, phenyl(2-toluyl)n-butylphosphonate,phenyl(4-toluyl)n-butylphosphonate, ethylmethyl cyclohexylphosphonate,methyl-n-propyl cyclohexylphosphonate, n-butylmethylcyclohexylphosphonate, cyclopentylmethyl cyclohexylphosphonate,cyclohexylmethyl cyclohexylphosphonate, (2-cyclohexenyl)methylcyclohexylphosphonate, (3-cyclohexenyl)methyl cyclohexylphosphonate,methylvinyl cyclohexylphosphonate, allylmethyl cyclohexylphosphonate,methylpropargyl cyclohexylphosphonate, methylphenylcyclohexylphosphonate, methyl(2-toluyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,methyl(3-toluyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,methyl(4-toluyl)cyclohexylphosphonate, ethyl-n-propylcyclohexylphosphonate, cyclohexylethyl cyclohexylphosphonate,ethylphenyl cyclohexylphosphonate, cyclohexylphenylcyclohexylphosphonate, vinylphenyl cyclohexylphosphonate, allylphenylcyclohexylphosphonate, phenyl(2-toluyl)cyclohexylphosphonate andphenyl(4-toluyl)cyclohexylphosphonate.

Concrete examples of the phosphonic acid diester containing an alkylsubstituent and also a fluorine atom-substituted site includediperfluoromethyl methylphosphonate,di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphonate, diperfluoroethylmethylphosphonate, di(2-fluorocyclohexyl)methylphosphonate,di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)methylphosphonate,di(4-fluorocyclohexyl)methylphosphonate,di(2-fluorovinyl)methylphosphonate,di(2,2-difluorovinyl)methylphosphonate,di(2-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate,di(3-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate,di(4-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate, diperfluoromethyl ethylphosphonate,di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylphosphonate, diperfluoroethylethylphosphonate, di(2-fluorocyclohexyl)ethylphosphonate,di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)ethylphosphonate,di(4-fluorocyclohexyl)ethylphosphonate,di(2-fluorovinyl)ethylphosphonate,di(2,2-difluorovinyl)ethylphosphonate,di(2-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate, di(3-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate,di(4-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate,di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylphosphonate, diperfluoroethyln-butylphosphonate, di(2-fluorophenyl)n-butylphosphonate,di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylphosphonate, diperfluoroethylcyclohexylphosphonate, di(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,methylperfluoromethyl methylphosphonate,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphonate, methylperfluoroethylmethylphosphonate, (2-fluorocyclohexyl)methyl methylphosphonate,(3-fluorocyclohexyl)methyl methylphosphonate, (4-fluorocyclohexyl)methylmethylphosphonate, (2-fluorovinyl)methyl methylphosphonate,(2,2-difluorovinyl)methyl methylphosphonate, (2-fluorophenyl)methylmethylphosphonate, (3-fluorophenyl)methyl methylphosphonate,(4-fluorophenyl)methyl methylphosphonate,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphonate, ethylperfluoroethylmethylphosphonate, (2-fluorophenyl)ethyl methylphosphonate,cyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphonate,cyclohexylperfluoroethyl methylphosphonate,cyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate,vinyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphonate,vinyl(2-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate,allyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphonate,allyl(2-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphonate, phenylperfluoroethylmethylphosphonate, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate,perfluoroethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphonate,perfluoroethyl(2-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate,methylphosphonate(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl),(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate,(2-fluorophenyl)(4-fluorophenyl)methylphosphonate,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylphosphonate, ethylperfluoroethylethylphosphonate, (2-fluorophenyl)ethyl ethylphosphonate,cyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylphosphonate,cyclohexylperfluoroethyl ethylphosphonate,cyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate,vinyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylphosphonate,vinyl(2-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate,allyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylphosphonate,allyl(2-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylphosphonate, phenylperfluoroethylethylphosphonate, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate,perfluoroethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylphosphonate,perfluoroethyl(2-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ethylphosphonate,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate,(2-fluorophenyl)(4-fluorophenyl)ethylphosphonate,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl))n-butylphosphonate, ethylperfluoroethyln-butylphosphonate, (2-fluorophenyl)ethyl n-butylphosphonate,cyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylphosphonate,cyclohexylperfluoroethyl n-butylphosphonate,cyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)n-butylphosphonate,vinyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylphosphonate,vinyl(2-fluorophenyl)n-butylphosphonate,allyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylphosphonate),allyl(2-fluorophenyl)n-butylphosphonate,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylphosphonate, phenylperfluoroethyln-butylphosphonate, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)n-butylphosphonate,perfluoroethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylphosphonate,perfluoroethyl(2-fluorophenyl)n-butylphosphonate,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylphosphonate,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2-fluorophenyl)n-butylphosphonate,(2-fluorophenyl)(4-fluorophenyl)n-butylphosphonate,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylphosphonate, ethylperfluoroethylcyclohexylphosphonate, (2-fluorophenyl)ethyl cyclohexylphosphonate,cyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,cyclohexylperfluoroethyl cyclohexylphosphonate,cyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,vinyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,vinyl(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,allyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,allyl(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylphosphonate, phenylperfluoroethylcyclohexylphosphonate, phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,perfluoroethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,perfluoroethyl(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexylphosphonate,(2-fluorophenyl)(4-fluorophenyl)cyclohexylphosphonate, diperfluoromethylperfluoromethylphosphonate,di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,diperfluoroethyl perfluoroethylphosphonate,di(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,di(3-fluorocyclohexyl) (3-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,di(4-fluorocyclohexyl)(4-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,dimethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,diethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,di-n-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,dicyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate, di(2-cyclohexenyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,divinyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,diallyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,dipropargyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,diphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,di(2-toluyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,di(4-toluyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,diperfluoroethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,di(2-fluorocyclohexyl) (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,di(2-fluorovinyl) (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate, di(2-fluorophenyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate, di(4-fluorophenyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,ethylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,n-butylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,cyclohexylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,methylvinyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,allylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,methylphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,methylperfluoroethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,(2-fluorovinyl)methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,(2-fluorophenyl)methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,cyclohexylethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,ethylphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,cyclohexylphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,cyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,cyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,vinyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,vinyl(2-fluorophenyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,allyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,allyl(2-fluorophenyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,phenyl(2-fluorophenyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,phenyl(2-fluorophenyl) (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphonate,dimethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,diethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,dicyclohexyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,diphenyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,di(2-fluorophenyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,ethylmethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,cyclohexylmethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,methylphenyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate and(2-fluorophenyl)methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphonate.

Concrete examples of the phosphonic acid diester containing anunsaturated hydrocarbon group substituent include divinylvinylphosphonate, diallyl allylphosphonate, dipropargylpropargylphosphonte, dimethyl vinylphosphonate, diethylvinylphosphonate, di-n-butyl vinylphosphonate, dicyclohexylvinylphosphonate, diphenyl vinylphosphonate, ethylmethylvinylphosphonate, methyl-n-propyl vinylphosphonate, n-butylmethylvinylphosphonate, cyclopentylmethyl vinylphosphonate, cyclohexylmethylvinylphosphonate, (2-cyclohexenyl)methyl vinylphosphonate,(3-cyclohexenyl)methyl vinylphosphonate, methylvinyl vinylphosphonate,allylmethyl vinylphosphonate, methylpropargyl vinylphosphonate,methylphenyl vinylphosphonate, methyl(2-toluyl) vinylphosphonate,methyl(3-toluyl) vinylphosphonate, methyl(4-toluyl) vinylphosphonate,ethyl-n-propyl vinylphosphonate, cyclohexylethyl vinylphosphonate,ethylphenyl vinylphosphonate, cyclohexylphenyl vinylphosphonate,vinylphenyl vinylphosphonate, allylphenyl vinylphosphonate,phenyl(2-toluyl) vinylphosphonate, phenyl(4-toluyl) vinylphosphonate,dimethyl allylphosphonate, diethyl allylphosphonate, di-n-butylallylphosphonate, dicyclohexyl allylphosphonate, diphenylallylphosphonate, di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) allylphosphonate,di(2-fluorocyclohexyl) allylphosphonate, di(2-fluoroethyl)allylphosphonate, ethylmethyl allylphosphonate, methyl-n-propylallylphosphonate, n-butylmethyl allylphosphonate, cyclopentylmethylallylphosphonate, cyclohexylmethyl allylphosphonate,(2-cyclohexenyl)methyl allylphosphonate, (3-cyclohexenyl)methylallylphosphonate, methylvinyl allylphosphonate, allylmethylallylphosphonate, methylpropargyl allylphosphonate, methylphenylallylphosphonate, methyl(2-toluyl) allylphosphonate, methyl(3-toluyl)allylphosphonate, methyl(4-toluyl) allylphosphonate, ethyl-n-propylallylphosphonate, cyclohexylethyl allylphosphonate, ethylphenylallylphosphonate, cyclohexylphenyl allylphosphonate, vinylphenylallylphosphonate, allylphenyl allylphosphonate, phenyl(2-toluyl)allylphosphonate and phenyl(4-toluyl) allylphosphonate.

Concrete examples of the phosphonic acid diester containing anunsaturated hydrocarbon group substituent and also a fluorineatom-substituted site include di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) vinylphosphonate,di(2-fluorocyclohexyl) vinylphosphonate, di(2-fluorophenyl)vinylphosphonate, methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) vinylphosphonate,methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl) vinylphosphonate, methyl(2-fluorophenyl)vinylphosphonate, di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) allylphosphonate,di(2-fluorocyclohexyl) allylphosphonate, di(2-fluorophenyl)allylphosphonate, methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) allylphosphonate,methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl) allylphosphonate, methyl(2-fluorophenyl)allylphosphonate, dimethyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,diethyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate, di-n-butyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,dicyclohexyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,di(2-fluorovinyl)(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,di(2,2-difluorovinyl)(2-difluorovinyl)phosphonate,diphenyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,di(2-fluorocyclohexyl)(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,di(2-fluorophenyl)(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,ethylmethyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,cyclohexylmethyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate,methylphenyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate, methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate and(2-fluorophenyl)methyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphonate.

Concrete examples of the phosphonic acid diester containing an arylsubstituent include diphenyl phenylphosphonate,di(2-toluyl)(2-toluyl)phosphonate, di(3-toluyl)(3-toluyl)phosphonate,di(4-toluyl)(4-toluyl)phosphonate,di(2-fluorophenyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate,di(3-fluorophenyl)(3-fluorophenyl)phosphonate,di(4-fluorophenyl)(4-fluorophenyl)phosphonate, dimethylphenylphosphonate, diethyl phenylphosphonate, di-n-butylphenylphosphonate, dicyclohexyl phenylphosphonate, diphenylphenylphosphonate, ethylmethyl phenylphosphonate, methyl-n-propylphenylphosphonate, n-butylmethyl phenylphosphonate, cyclopentylmethylphenylphosphonate, cyclohexylmethyl phenylphosphonate,(2-cyclohexenyl)methyl phenylphosphonate, (3-cyclohexenyl)methylphenylphosphonate, methylvinyl phenylphosphonate, allylmethylphenylphosphonate, methylpropargyl phenylphosphonate, methylphenylphenylphosphonate, methyl(2-toluyl)phenylphosphonate,methyl(3-toluyl)phenylphosphonate, methyl(4-toluyl)phenylphosphonate,ethyl-n-propyl phenylphosphonate, cyclohexylethyl phenylphosphonate,ethylphenyl phenylphosphonate, cyclohexylphenyl phenylphosphonate,vinylphenyl phenylphosphonate, allylphenyl phenylphosphonate,phenyl(2-toluyl)phenylphosphonate, phenyl(4-toluyl)phenylphosphonate,dimethyl 2-toluylphosphonate, diethyl 2-toluylphosphonate, di-n-butyl2-toluylphosphonate, dicyclohexyl 2-toluylphosphonate, diphenyl2-toluylphosphonate, di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) 2-toluylphosphonate,di(2-fluorocyclohexyl) 2-toluylphosphonate, di(2-fluorophenyl)2-toluylphosphonate, ethylmethyl 2-toluylphosphonate, methyl-n-propyl2-toluylphosphonate, n-butylmethyl 2-toluylphosphonate,cyclopentylmethyl 2-toluylphosphonate, cyclohexylmethyl2-toluylphosphonate, (2-cyclohexenyl)methyl 2-toluylphosphonate,(3-cyclohexenyl)methyl 2-toluylphosphonate, methylvinyl2-toluylphosphonate, allylmethyl 2-toluylphosphonate, methylpropargyl2-toluylphosphonate, methylphenyl 2-toluylphosphonate, methyl(2-toluyl)2-toluylphosphonate, methyl(3-toluyl) 2-toluylphosphonate,methyl(4-toluyl) 2-toluylphosphonate, ethyl-n-propyl2-toluylphosphonate, cyclohexylethyl 2-toluylphosphonate, ethylphenyl2-toluylphosphonate, cyclohexylphenyl 2-toluylphosphonate, vinylphenyl2-toluylphosphonate, allylphenyl 2-toluylphosphonate, phenyl(2-toluyl)2-toluylphosphonate, phenyl(4-toluyl) 2-toluylphosphonate, dimethyl4-toluylphosphonate, diethyl 4-toluylphosphonate, di-n-butyl4-toluylphosphonate, dicyclohexyl 4-toluylphosphonate, diphenyl4-toluylphosphonate, di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) 4-toluylphosphonate,di(2-fluorocyclohexyl) 4-toluylphosphonate, di(2-fluorophenyl)4-toluylphosphonate, ethylmethyl 4-toluylphosphonate, methyl-n-propyl4-toluylphosphonate, n-butylmethyl 4-toluylphosphonate,cyclopentylmethyl 4-toluylphosphonate, cyclohexylmethyl4-toluylphosphonate, (2-cyclohexenyl)methyl 4-toluylphosphonate,(3-cyclohexenyl)methyl 4-toluylphosphonate, methylvinyl4-toluylphosphonate, allylmethyl 4-toluylphosphonate, methylpropargyl4-toluylphosphonate, methylphenyl 4-toluylphosphonate, methyl(2-toluyl)4-toluylphosphonate, methyl(3-toluyl) 4-toluylphosphonate,methyl(4-toluyl) 4-toluylphosphonate, ethyl-n-propyl4-toluylphosphonate, cyclohexylethyl 4-toluylphosphonate, ethylphenyl4-toluylphosphonate, cyclohexylphenyl 4-toluylphosphonate, vinylphenyl4-toluylphosphonate, allylphenyl 4-toluylphosphonate, phenyl(2-toluyl)4-toluylphosphonate and phenyl(4-toluyl) 4-toluylphosphonate.

Concrete examples of the phosphonic acid diester containing an arylsubstituent and also a fluorine atom-substituted site includedi(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenylphosphonate,di(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phenylphosphonate,di(2-fluorophenyl)phenylphosphonate,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenylphosphonate,methyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phenylphosphonate,methyl(2-fluorophenyl)phenylphosphonate,dimethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate, diethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate,dicyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate,diphenyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate,di(2-fluorophenyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate,ethylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate,cyclohexylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate,methylphenyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate and(2-fluorophenyl)methyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphonate.

Concrete examples of the phosphonic acid ester in which any two ofR^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) are connected to form a ring structure include2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphine-2-oxide,2-ethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-butyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-cyclohexyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-perfluoroethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,4-fluoro-2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-methoxy-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-ethoxy-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-phenoxy-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide and2-methoxy-1,2-oxaphosphine-2-oxide.

Of these phosphonic acid esters, particularly preferable as specificcompound (D) are dimethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl ethylphosphonate,di-n-butyl n-butylphosphonate, diisobutyl isobutylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, di-n-butyl methylphosphonate, diphenylmethylphosphonate, dimethyl ethylphosphonate, di-n-butylethylphosphonate, diphenyl ethylphosphonate,di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphonate,di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylphosphonate, diphenyl phenylphosphonate,dimethyl phenylphosphonate and diethyl phenylphosphonate.

<Examples of the Compound when p+q=1>

When p+q=1, namely (p,q)=(1,0) or (0,1), the compound represented by theabove formula (D-1) is a phosphinic acid ester.

Examples of the phosphinic acid ester include those in which the estermoiety is an alkyl group, unsaturated hydrocarbon group and aryl group.

Concrete examples of the phosphinic acid ester in which the ester moietyis an alkyl group include methyl dimethylphosphinate, ethyldiethylphosphinate, n-propyl di-n-propylphosphinate, isopropyldiisopropylphosphinate, n-butyl di-n-butylphosphinate, isobutyldiisobutylphosphinate, tert-butyl di-tert-butylphosphinate, cyclopentyldicyclopentylphosphinate, cyclohexyl dicyclohexylphosphinate, methyldiethylphosphinate, methyl di-n-propylphosphinate, methyldiisopropylphosphinate, methyl di-n-butylphosphinate, methyldiisobutylphosphinate, methyl di-tert-butylphosphinate, methyldicyclopentylphosphinate, methyl dicyclohexylphosphinate, methyldi(2-cyclohexenyl)phosphinate, methyl di(3-cyclohexenyl)phosphinate,methyl divinylphosphinate, methyl diallylphosphinate, methyldipropargylphosphinate, methyl diphenylphosphinate, methyldi(2-toluyl)phosphinate, methyl di(3-toluyl)phosphinate, methyldi(4-toluyl)phosphinate, ethyl dimethylphosphinate, ethyldi-n-propylphosphinate, ethyl diisopropylphosphinate, ethyldi-n-butylphosphinate, ethyl diisobutylphosphinate, ethyldi-tert-butylphosphinate, ethyl dicyclopentylphosphinate, ethyldicyclohexylphosphinate, ethyl di(2-cyclohexenyl)phosphinate, ethyldi(3-cyclohexenyl)phosphinate, ethyl divinylphosphinate, ethyldiallylphosphinate, ethyl dipropargylphosphinate, ethyldiphenylphosphinate, ethyl di(2-toluyl)phosphinate, ethyldi(3-toluyl)phosphinate, ethyl di(4-toluyl)phosphinate, n-butyldimethylphosphinate, n-butyl diethylphosphinate, n-butyldicyclohexylphosphinate, n-butyl diphenylphosphinate, cyclohexyldimethylphosphinate, cyclohexyl diethylphosphinate, cyclohexyldi-n-butylphosphinate, cyclohexyl divinylphosphinate, cyclohexyldiphenylphosphinate, methyl ethylmethylphosphinate, methylmethyl-n-butylphosphinate, methyl cyclohexylmethylphosphinate, methylmethylvinylphosphinate, methyl methylphenylphosphinate, methyln-butylethylphosphinate, methyl cyclohexylethylphosphinate, methylethylvinylphosphinate, methyl ethylphenylphosphinate, methyln-butylcyclohexylphosphinate, methyl n-butylvinylphosphinate, methyln-butylphenylphosphinate, methyl cyclohexylvinylphosphinate, methylcyclohexylphenylphosphinate, ethyl ethylmethylphosphinate, ethylmethyl-n-butylphosphinate, ethyl cyclohexylmethylphosphinate, ethylmethylvinylphosphinate, ethyl methylphenylphosphinate, ethyln-butylethylphosphinate, ethyl cyclohexylethylphosphinate, ethylethylvinylphosphinate, ethyl ethylphenylphosphinate, ethyln-butylcyclohexylphosphinate, ethyl n-butylvinylphosphinate, ethyln-butylphenylphosphinate, ethyl cyclohexylvinylphosphinate, ethyl,cyclohexylphenylphosphinate, ethyl phenylvinylphosphinate, n-butylethylmethylphosphinate, n-butyl methyl-n-butylphosphinate, n-butylcyclohexylmethylphosphinate, n-butyl methylvinylphosphinate, n-butylmethylphenylphosphinate, n-butyl n-butylethylphosphinate, n-butylcyclohexylethylphosphinate, n-butyl ethylvinylphosphinate, n-butylethylphenylphosphinate, n-butyl n-butylcyclohexylphosphinate, n-butyln-butylvinylphosphinate, n-butyl n-butylphenylphosphinate, n-butylcyclohexylvinylphosphinate, n-butyl cyclohexylphenylphosphinate, n-butylphenylvinylphosphinate, ethylmethylphosphinatecyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl-n-butylphosphinate, cyclohexyl cyclohexylmethylphosphinate,cyclohexyl methylvinylphosphinate, cyclohexyl methylphenylphosphinate,cyclohexyl n-butylethylphosphinate, cyclohexylcyclohexylethylphosphinate, cyclohexyl ethylvinylphosphinate, cyclohexylethylphenylphosphinate, cyclohexyl n-butylcyclohexylphosphinate,cyclohexyl n-butylvinylphosphinate, cyclohexyl n-butylphenylphosphinate,cyclohexyl cyclohexylvinylphosphinate, cyclohexylcyclohexylphenylphosphinate and cyclohexyl phenylvinylphosphinate.

Concrete examples of the phosphinic acid ester, in which ester moiety isan alkyl group and which contains a fluorine atom-substituted site,include perfluoromethyl bisperfluoromethylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate,perfluoroethyl bisperfluoroethylphosphinate,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)di(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphinate,(3-fluorocyclohexyl)di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphinate,(4-fluorocyclohexyl)di(4-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphinate, methylbisperfluoromethylphosphinate, methylbis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, methylbisperfluoroethylphosphinate, methyl di(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphinate,methyl di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphinate, methyldi(4-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphinate, methyl di(2-fluorovinyl)phosphinate,methyl di(2,2-difluorovinyl)phosphinate, methyldi(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, methyl di(3-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,methyl di(4-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, ethylbisperfluoromethylphosphinate, ethylbis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, ethylbisperfluoroethylphosphinate, ethyl di(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphinate,ethyl di(3-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphinate, ethyldi(4-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphinate, ethyl di(2-fluorovinyl)phosphinate,ethyl di(2,2-difluorovinyl)phosphinate, ethyldi(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, ethyl di(3-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,ethyl di(4-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, n-butylbis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, n-butyldi(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, cyclohexylbis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, cyclohexyldi(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)dimethylphosphinate, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)diethylphosphinate, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)di-n-butylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)dicyclohexylphosphinate, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyldivinylphosphinate, (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)diphenylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)di(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, methylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, methylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, methylethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, methylethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, methyln-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, methyln-butyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, methylcyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, methylcyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, methyl phenylvinylphosphinate,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)vinylphosphinate,methyl(2-fluorophenyl)vinylphosphinate,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenylphosphinate,methyl(2-fluorophenyl)phenylphosphinate,methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, ethylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, ethylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, ethylethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, ethylethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, ethyln-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, ethyln-butyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, ethylcyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, ethylcyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)vinylphosphinate,ethyl(2-fluorophenyl)vinylphosphinate,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenylphosphinate,ethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phenylphosphinate,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, n-butylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, n-butylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, n-butylethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, n-butylethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, n-butyln-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, n-butyln-butyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, n-butylcyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, n-butylcyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,n-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)vinylphosphinate,n-butyl(2-fluorophenyl)vinylphosphinate,n-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenylphosphinate,n-butyl(2-fluorophenyl)phenylphosphinate,n-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, cyclohexylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, cyclohexylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, cyclohexylethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, cyclohexylethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, cyclohexyln-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, cyclohexyln-butyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, cyclohexylcyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, cyclohexylcyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,cyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)vinylphosphinate,cyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)vinylphosphinate,cyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenylphosphinate,cyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)phenylphosphinate,cyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylmethylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methyl-n-butylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylmethylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylvinylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphenylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylethylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylethylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylvinylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethylphenylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)ethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylcyclohexylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylvinylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butylphenylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)n-butyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylvinylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexylphenylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)cyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenylvinylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)vinylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)vinylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phenylphosphinate and(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate.

Concrete examples of the phosphinic acid ester in which the ester moietyis unsaturated hydrocarbon group include(2-cyclohexenyl)di(2-cyclohexenyl)phosphinate,(3-cyclohexenyl)di(3-cyclohexenyl)phosphinate, vinyl divinylphosphinate,allyl diallylphosphinate, propargyl dipropargylphosphinate, vinyldimethylphosphinate, vinyl diethylphosphinate, vinyldi-n-butylphosphinate, vinyl dicyclohexylphosphinate, vinyldiphenylphosphinate, vinyl bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate andvinyl di(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate.

Concrete examples of the phosphinic acid ester, in which the estermoiety is an unsaturated hydrocarbon group and which contains a fluorineatom-substituted site, include(2-fluorovinyl)di(2-fluorovinyl)phosphinate,(2,2-difluorovinyl)di(2,2-difluorovinyl)phosphinate, vinylbis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate and vinyldi(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate.

Concrete examples of the phosphinic acid ester in which the ester moietyis an aryl group include phenyl diphenylphosphinate,(2-toluyl)di(2-toluyl)phosphinate, (3-toluyl)di(3-toluyl)phosphinate,(4-toluyl)di(4-toluyl)phosphinate, phenyl dimethylphosphinate, phenyldiethylphosphinate, phenyl di-n-butylphosphinate, phenyldicyclohexylphosphinate and phenyl divinylphosphinate.

Concrete examples of the phosphinic acid ester, in which the estermoiety is an unsaturated hydrocarbon group [SIC] and which contains afluorine atom-substituted site, include(2-fluorophenyl)di(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,(3-fluorophenyl)di(3-fluorophenyl)phosphinate,(4-fluorophenyl)di(4-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, phenylbis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, phenyldi(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinate, (2-fluorophenyl)dimethylphosphinate,(2-fluorophenyl) diethylphosphinate,(2-fluorophenyl)di-n-butylphosphinate,(2-fluorophenyl)dicyclohexylphosphinate,(2-fluorophenyl)divinylphosphinate, (2-fluorophenyl)diphenylphosphinateand (2-fluorophenyl)di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate.

Concrete examples of the phosphinic acid ester in which any two ofR^(d1), R^(d2) and R^(d3) are connected to form a ring structure include2-methyl-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-methyl-1,2-oxaphosphinane-2-oxide, 2-ethyl-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-butyl-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-cyclohexyl-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-vinyl-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide, 2-phenyl-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-perfluoroethyl-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,2-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,4-fluoro-2-methyl-1,2-oxaphosphorane-2-oxide,1-methoxyphosphorane-1-oxide, 1-ethoxyphosphorane-1-oxide,1-phenoxyphosphorane-1-oxide and 1-methoxy-phosphinane-1-oxide.

Of the phosphinic acid esters exemplified above, particularly preferableas specific compound (D) are ethyl diethylphosphinate, n-butyldi-n-butylphosphinate, cyclohexyl dicyclohexylphosphinate, phenyldiphenylphosphinate,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, methylmethyl-n-butylphosphinate, methyl methylphenylphosphinate, methylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate, ethyl ethylphenylphosphinate,ethyl ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphinate and n-butyln-butylphenylphosphinate.

When the compounds represented by the above formula (D-1) are organicphosphorous compounds where p+q=1 or 2, combined use with the specificcarbonate explained later makes it possible to offer a non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery with high capacity and withsuperior characteristics maintained for a long time, particularly withhigh discharge capacity retention rate.

Of the organic phosphorous compounds exemplified above, which are shownin the above formula (D-1) where p+q=1 or 2, particularly preferable aredimethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl ethylphosphonate, di-n-butyln-butylphosphonate, dimethyl phenylphosphonate, diethylphenylphosphonate, ethyl diethylphosphinate, n-butyldi-n-butylphosphinate, methyl methyl-n-butylphosphinate, methylmethylphenylphosphinate and ethyl ethylphenylphosphinate.

<Examples of the Compound when p+q=0>

When p+q=0, namely (p,q)=(0,0), the compound represented by the aboveformula (D-1) is a phosphine oxide.

Examples of the phosphine oxide include those consisting only of alkylgroup, those possessing an unsaturated hydrocarbon group and thosepossessing an aryl group.

Concrete examples of the phosphine oxide consisting only of alkyl groupinclude trimethylphosphine oxide, triethylphosphine oxide,tri-n-propylphosphine oxide, triisopropylphosphine oxide,tri-n-butylphosphine oxide, triisobutylphosphine oxide,tri-tert-butylphosphine oxide, tricyclopentylphosphine oxide,tricyclohexylphosphine oxide, ethyldimethylphosphine oxide,dimethyl-n-propylphosphine oxide, isopropyldimethylphosphine oxide,n-butyldimethylphosphine oxide, isobutyldimethylphosphine oxide,tert-butyldimethylphosphine oxide, cyclopentyldimethylphosphine oxide,cyclohexyldimethylphosphine oxide, diethylmethylphosphine oxide,diethyl-n-butylphosphine oxide, cyclohexyldiethylphosphine oxide,di-n-butylmethylphosphine oxide, di-n-butylethylphosphine oxide,di-n-butylcyclohexylphosphine oxide, dicyclohexylmethylphosphine oxide,dicyclohexylethylphosphine oxide, n-butyldicyclohexylphosphine oxide,ethylmethyl-n-propylphosphine oxide, ethylmethylisopropylphosphineoxide, ethylmethyl-n-butylphosphine oxide, ethylmethylisobutylphosphineoxide, ethylmethyl-tert-butylphosphine oxide,ethylmethylcyclopentylphosphine oxide, ethylmethylcyclohexylphosphineoxide, n-butylmethyl-n-propylphosphine oxide,n-butylmethylcyclohexylphosphine oxide andcyclohexylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide.

Concrete examples of the trialkylphosphine oxide containing a fluorineatom substituent include triperfluoromethylphosphine oxide,tri(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide, triperfluoroethylphosphineoxide, tri(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphine oxide,tri(3-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphine oxide, tri(4-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphineoxide, perfluoromethyldimethylphosphine oxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,perfluoroethyldimethylphosphine oxide,(2-fluorocyclohexyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,(3-fluorocyclohexyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,(4-fluorocyclohexyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,diethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,di-n-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,dicyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methylphosphine oxide,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,n-butyldi(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,cyclohexyldi(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,ethylmethylperfluoromethylphosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,ethylmethylperfluoroethylphosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(2-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(3-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(4-fluorocyclohexyl)phosphine oxide,n-butylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,n-butylethyl-n-propylphosphine oxide, n-butylethylcyclohexylphosphineoxide, n-butylethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,cyclohexylethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide andn-butylcyclohexyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide.

Concrete examples of the phosphine oxide possessing an unsaturatedhydrocarbon group include tri(2-cyclohexenyl)phosphine oxide,tri(3-cyclohexenyl)phosphine oxide, trivinylphosphine oxide,triallylphosphine oxide, tripropargylphosphine oxide,(2-cyclohexenyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,(3-cyclohexenyl)dimethylphosphine oxide, dimethylvinylphosphine oxide,allyldimethylphosphine oxide, dimethylpropargylphosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(2-cyclohexenyl)phosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(3-cyclohexenyl)phosphine oxide, ethylmethylvinylphosphineoxide, ethylmethylallylphosphine oxide and ethylmethylpropargylphosphineoxide.

Concrete examples of the phosphine oxide possessing a fluorineatom-substituted unsaturated hydrocarbon group includetri(2-fluorovinyl)phosphine oxide, tri(2,2-difluorovinyl)phosphineoxide, (2-fluorovinyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,(2,2-difluorovinyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(2-fluorovinyl)phosphine oxide andethylmethyl(2,2-difluorovinyl)phosphine oxide.

Concrete examples of the phosphine oxide possessing an aryl groupinclude triphenylphosphine oxide, tri(2-toluyl)phosphine oxide,tri(3-toluyl)phosphine oxide, tri(4-toluyl)phosphine oxide,dimethylphenylphosphine oxide, dimethyl(2-toluyl)phosphine oxide,dimethyl(3-toluyl)phosphine oxide, dimethyl(4-toluyl)phosphine oxide,diethylphenylphosphine oxide, di-n-butylphenylphosphine oxide,dicyclohexylphenylphosphine oxide, diphenylmethylphosphine oxide,ethyldiphenylphosphine oxide, n-butyldiphenylphosphine oxide,cyclohexyldiphenylphosphine oxide, ethylmethylphenylphosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(2-toluyl)phosphine oxide, ethylmethyl(3-toluyl)phosphineoxide, ethylmethyl(4-toluyl)phosphine oxide,n-butylmethylphenylphosphine oxide, cyclohexylmethylphenylphosphineoxide, n-butylethylphenylphosphine oxide, cyclohexylethylphenylphosphineoxide and n-butylcyclohexylphenylphosphine oxide.

Concrete examples of the dialkylarylphosphine oxide [SIC] containing afluorine atom substituent include tri(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,tri(3-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide, tri(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,(2-fluorophenyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,(2-fluorophenyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,(3-fluorophenyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,(3-fluorophenyl)dimethylphosphine oxide [SIC],(4-fluorophenyl)dimethylphosphine oxide,(2-fluorophenyl)diethylphosphine oxide,(2-fluorophenyl)di-n-butylphosphine oxide,(2-fluorophenyl)dicyclohexylphosphine oxide,diphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,(2-fluorophenyl)diphenylphosphine oxide,phenyldi(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,(2-fluorophenyl)di(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,di(2-fluorophenyl)methylphosphine oxide, ethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphineoxide, n-butyldi(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,cyclohexyldi(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,phenyldi(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,di(2-fluorophenyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(3-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,ethylmethyl(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,n-butylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,cyclohexylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,phenylmethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,phenylmethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)methyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,n-butylethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,cyclohexylethyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,ethylphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,ethylphenyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,ethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,n-butylcyclohexyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,n-butylphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,n-butylphenyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,n-butyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,cyclohexylphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide,cyclohexylphenyl(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,cyclohexylphenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide,phenyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide andperfluoroethyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide.

Concrete examples of the phosphine oxide in which any two of R^(d1),R^(d2) and R^(d3) are bonded together to form a ring structure include1-methylphosphorane-1-oxide, 1-ethylphosphorane-1-oxide,1-n-butylphosphorane-1-oxide, 1-phenylphosphorane-1-oxide,1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1-oxide [SIC], 1-(2-fluphenyl)-1-oxide [SIC],1,2-dimethylphosphorane-1-oxide, 1,3-dimethylphosphorane-1-oxide,1-methyl-2-ethylphosphorane-1-oxide,2-methyl-1-ethylphosphorane-1-oxide, 1-methylphosphinane-1-oxide and1-ethylphosphinane-1-oxide.

Of the phosphine oxides exemplified above, particularly preferable asspecific compound (D) are trimethyl phosphine oxide, triethyl phosphineoxide, tri-n-butyl phosphine oxide, tricyclohexyl phosphine oxide,tri(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphine oxide, triperfluoroethyl phosphineoxide, triallyl phosphine oxide and triphenyl phosphine oxide.

Even when the compounds represented by the formula (D-1) are organicphosphorous compounds where p+q=0, combined use with the specificcarbonate explained later makes it possible to offer a non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery with high capacity and withsuperior characteristics maintained for a long time, particularly withhigh discharge capacity retention rate.

There is no special limitation on the molecular weight of the specificcompound (D), insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. However, it is usually 80 or larger, andpreferably 90 or larger. There is no special limitation on the upperlimit. But when it is too high, viscosity tends to increase. Therefore,to be practical, it is usually 400 or smaller, preferably 300 orsmaller.

No particular limitation is imposed on the method of producing thespecific compound (D), either. Any known method can be adopted and used.

The specific compound (D) explained above can be included in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention either as asingle kind or as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combination andin any ratio.

There is no special limitation on the proportion of the specificcompound (D) in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the presentinvention, insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. However, it is preferable that the concentrationin the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention isusually 0.01 weight % or higher, preferably 0.1 weight % or higher, andusually 10 weight % or lower, preferably 5 weight % or lower. If theproportion is below the lower limit of the above range, an adequateeffect of improving cycle performance of the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery may not be guaranteed when the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of the present invention is used for the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery. On the other hand, when it exceedsthe upper limit of the above range, its chemical reactivity in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte tends to increase, leading possibly todecrease in battery characteristics of the above-mentioned non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery.

No limitation is imposed on the ratio of the specific compound (D)relative to the specific carbonate, in the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte of the present invention, either. However, it is preferablethat the relative weight ratio, represented by “weight of the specificcompound (D)/weight of the specific carbonate”, is in the range ofusually 0.0001 or higher, preferably 0.001 or higher, more preferably0.01 or higher, and usually 1000 or lower, preferably 100 or lower, morepreferably 10 or lower. If the above-mentioned relative weight ratio istoo high or too low, the synergistic effect may not be obtained.

By incorporating the above-mentioned specific compound (D) and thespecific carbonate in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, it is possibleto improve the charge-discharge cycle performance of the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery using the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte. The detailed reason is not clear, but inferred as follows.Namely, through the reaction between the specific compound (D) and thespecific carbonate contained in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, aneffective protective layer is formed on the surface of thenegative-electrode active material, leading to the suppression of sidereactions. Cycle deterioration is thus inhibited. The details of thisreaction is not clear, but it is inferred that coexistence of thespecific compound (D) and the specific carbonate in the liquidelectrolyte can somehow contribute to enhancement in the protectivelayer characteristics.

[I-1-E. Specific Compound (E)]

Specific compound (E) is a compound represented by the formula (E-1)below.

(In the formula (E-1), X^(e) represents a halogen atom, alkyl group oraryl group. When X^(e) is an alkyl group or aryl group, it may befurther substituted with a halogen atom, alkyl group or aryl group. nrepresents an integer of 1 or larger and 6 or smaller. When n is 2 orlarger, the two or more of X^(e) may be the same or different from eachother. In addition, two or more X^(e) may be connected to each other toform a ring structure or cage structure.)

Further, the specific compound (E) is preferably the compoundrepresented by the formula (E-2) below.

(In the formula (E-2), R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) represent,independently of each other, hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group that maybe substituted with a halogen atom. In addition, two or three of R^(e1),R^(e2) and R^(e3) may be connected to each other to form a ringstructure or cage structure. However, none of or one of R^(e1), R^(e2)and R^(e3) is hydrogen atom. Y^(e) represents a halogen atom, alkylgroup or aryl group. When Y^(e) is an alkyl group or aryl group, it maybe further substituted with a halogen atom, alkyl group or aryl group. mrepresents an integer of 0 or larger and 5 or smaller. When m is 2 orlarger, the two or more of Y^(e) may be the same or different from eachother. In addition, two or more Y^(e) may be connected to each other toform a ring structure or cage structure.)

First, the substituent represented by X^(e) or Y^(e) in theabove-mentioned formula (E-1) or (E-2).

When X^(e) or Y^(e) is a halogen atom, no particular limitation isimposed on the kind of the halogen atom. Examples of the halogen atominclude fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom and iodine atom.Among them, preferable as the halogen atom is fluorine atom or chlorineatom, because the above-mentioned compound will then function also asovercharge-preventing agent when contained in a non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte. Particularly preferable is fluorine atom.

When X^(e) or Y^(e) is an alkyl group, the kind thereof is notparticularly limited. They can have any alkyl group structure such aschain structure, ring structure or cage structure. When they are of ringstructure or cage structure, the number of the ring, the number of themember of each ring or the like is not particularly limited, either. Thealkyl group may be substituted with one or more substituents. Thesubstituent can be selected arbitrarily from the group consisting ofhalogen atom, alkyl group and aryl group. When the alkyl group has twoor more substituents, these substituents may be the same or differentfrom each other.

No particular limitation is imposed on the carbon number of the alkylgroup. However, it is preferable to be in the range of usually 1 ormore, and usually 50 or less, particularly 25 or less. When the carbonnumber of the alkyl group is too large, the solubility tends todecrease. When the alkyl group has a substituent of alkyl group or arylgroup, the total carbon number of X^(e) or Y^(e), including thesubstituents, should be adjusted to fall within the above-mentionedrange.

In the following, concrete examples of the unsubstituted or substitutedalkyl group are listed below.

Concrete examples of the “unsubstituted of alkyl group-substitutedchain-structured alkyl group” include methyl group, ethyl group,1-propyl group, 1-methylethyl group, 1-butyl group, 1-methylpropylgroup, 2-methylpropyl group, 1,1-dimethylethyl group, 1-pentyl group,1-methylbutyl group, 1-ethylpropyl group, 2-methylbutyl group,3-methylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylpropyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group,1,2-dimethylpropyl group, 1-hexyl group, 1-methylpentyl group,1-ethylbutyl group, 2-methylpentyl group, 3-methylpentyl group,4-methylpentyl group, 2-ethylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylbutyl group,2,3-dimethylbutyl group, 3,3-dimethylbutyl group, 1,1-dimethylbutylgroup, 1,2-dimethylbutyl group, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl group,1,2,2-trimethylpropyl group, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl group and1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl group.

Concrete examples of the “aryl group-substituted chain-structured alkylgroup” include phenylmethyl group, diphenylmethyl group, triphenylmethylgroup, 1-phenylethyl group, 2-phenylethyl group, (1-fluorophenyl)methylgroup, (2-fluorophenyl)methyl group, (3-fluorophenyl)methyl group and(1,2-difluorophenyl)methyl group.

Concrete examples of the “halogen atom-substituted chain-structuredalkyl group” include: fluorine-substituted alkyl groups such asfluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group,1-fluoroethyl group, 2-fluoroethyl group, 1,1-difluoroethyl group,1,2-difluoroethyl group, 2,2-difluoroethyl group, and1,1,2-trifluoroethyl group; and chlorine-substituted alkyl groups suchas chloromethyl group, dichloromethyl group, trichloromethyl group,1-chloroethyl group, 2-chloroethyl group, 1,1-dichloroethyl group,1,2-dichloroethyl group, 2,2-dichloroethyl group, and1,1,2-trichloroethyl group.

Concrete examples of the “unsubstituted or alkyl group-substitutedcyclic-structured alkyl group” or the “cyclic-structured alkyl group”formed by bonding any two of the R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) togetherinclude cyclopentyl group, 2-methylcyclopentyl group,3-methylcyclopentyl group, 2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl group,2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl group, 2,4-dimethylcyclopentyl group,2,5-dimethylcyclopentyl group, 3,3-dimethylcyclopentyl group,3,4-dimethylcyclopentyl group, 2-ethylcyclopentyl group,3-ethylcyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, 2-methylcyclohexyl group,3-methylcyclohexyl group, 4-methylcyclohexyl group,2,2-dimethylcyclohexyl group, 2,3-dimethylcyclohexyl group,2,4-dimethylcyclohexyl group, 2,5-dimethylcyclohexyl group,2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl group, 3,4-dimethylcyclohexyl group,3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl group, 2-ethylcyclohexyl group, 3-ethylcyclohexylgroup, 4-ethylcyclohexyl group, bicyclo[3,2,1]octa-1-yl group, andbicyclo[3,2,1]octa-2-yl group.

“Unsubstituted of alkyl group-substituted cage-structured alkyl groups”or “cage-structured alkyl groups” in which R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) arebonded together can be also exemplified. Concrete examples of the cagestructure include adamantane structure and cubane structure.

Concrete examples of the “aryl group-substituted cyclic alkyl group”include 2-phenylcyclopentyl group, 3-phenylcyclopentyl group,2,3-diphenylcyclohexyl group, 2,4-diphenylcyclohexyl group,2,5-diphenylcyclohexyl group, 3,4-diphenylcyclohexyl group,2-phenylcyclohexyl group, 3-phenylcyclohexyl group, 4-phenylcyclohexylgroup, 2,3-diphenylcyclohexyl group, 2,4-diphenylcyclohexyl group,2,5-diphenylcyclohexyl group, 2,6-diphenylcyclohexyl group,3,4-diphenylcyclohexyl group, 3,5-diphenylcyclohexyl group,2-(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl group, 2-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl group,2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl group, 3-(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl group,4-(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl group, and2,3-bis(2-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl group.

Concrete examples of the “halogen atom-substituted cyclic alkyl group”include 2-fluorocyclopentyl group, 3-fluorocyclopentyl group,2,3-difluorocyclopentyl group, 2,4-difluorocyclopentyl group,2,5-difluorocyclopentyl group, 3,4-difluorocyclopentyl group,2-fluorocyclohexyl group, 3-fluorocyclohexyl group, 4-fluorocyclohexylgroup, 2,3-difluorocyclohexyl group, 2,4-difluorocyclohexyl group,2,5-difluorocyclohexyl group, 2,6-difluorocyclohexyl group,3,4-difluorocyclohexyl group, 3,5-difluorocyclohexyl group,2,3,4-triOROcyclohexyl group [SIC], 2,3,5-trifluOROcyclohexyl group[SIC], 2,3,6-triOROcyclohexyl group [SIC], 2,4,5-triOROcyclohexyl group[SIC], 2,4,6-triOROcyclohexyl group [SIC], 2,5,6-triOROcyclohexyl group[SIC], 3,4,5-triOROcyclohexyl group [SIC], 2,3,4,5-tetraOROcyclohexylgroup [SIC], 2,3,4,6-tetraOROcyclohexyl group [SIC],2,3,5,6-tetraOROcyclohexyl group [SIC] and pentafluorocyclohexyl group.

Of the unsubstituted or substituted alkyl groups exemplified above,preferable are unsubstituted, fluorine-substituted orchlorine-substituted alkyl groups, because the above-mentioned specificcompound (E) will then react also as overcharge-preventing agent whencontained in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. Particularly preferableare unsubstituted or fluorine-substituted alkyl groups.

On the other hand, when X^(e) or Y^(e) is an aryl group, the kindthereof is not particularly limited, either. They may be monocyclic orpolycyclic. The number of the ring, the number of the member of eachring or the like is not particularly limited, either. The aryl group maybe substituted with one or more substituents. The substituent can beselected arbitrarily from the group consisting of halogen atom, alkylgroup and aryl group. When the aryl group has two or more substituents,these substituents may be the same or different from each other.

No particular limitation is imposed on the carbon number of the arylgroup. It is preferable to be usually 6 or more. When the aryl group hasa substituent of alkyl group or aryl group, the total carbon number ofX^(e) or Y^(e), including the substituents, should be adjusted to fallwithin the above-mentioned range.

In the following, concrete examples of the unsubstituted or substitutedaryl group are listed below.

Concrete examples of the “unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted arylgroup” include phenyl group, 2-methylphenyl group, 3-methylphenyl group,4-methylphenyl group, 2,3-dimethylphenyl group, 2,4-dimethylphenylgroup, 2,5-dimethylphenyl group, 2,6-dimethylphenyl group,2,3,4-trimethylphenyl group, 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl group,2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group, 2,4,5-trimethylphenyl group,2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group, 2,5,6-trimethylphenyl group,3,4,5-trimethylphenyl group, 2,3,4,5-tetramethylphenyl group,2,3,4,6-tetramethylphenyl group, 2,4,5,6-tetramethylphenyl group,pentamethylphenyl group, 1-naphthyl group and 2-naphthyl group.

Concrete examples of the “aryl group-substituted aryl group” include(2-phenyl)phenyl group, (3-phenyl)phenyl group, and (4-phenyl)phenylgroup.

As concrete examples of the “halogen atom-substituted aryl group”include 2-fluorophenyl group, 3-fluorophenyl group, 4-fluorophenylgroup, 2,3-difluorophenyl group, 2,4-difluorophenyl group,2,5-difluorophenyl group, 2,6-difluorophenyl group,2,3,4-trifluorophenyl group, 2,3,5-trifluorophenyl group,2,3,6-trifluorophenyl group, 2,4,5-trifluorophenyl group,2,3,6-trifluorophenyl group, 2,5,6-trifluorophenyl group,3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl group,2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl group, 2,4,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl group andpentafluorophenyl group.

Of the unsubstituted or substituted aryl groups exemplified above,preferable are unsubstituted, fluorine-substituted orchlorine-substituted aryl groups, because the above-mentioned specificcompound (E) will then react also as overcharge-preventing agent whencontained in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. Particularly preferableare unsubstituted or fluorine-substituted alkyl groups.

In the above-mentioned formula (E-1), n represents an integer of usually1 or larger, and usually 6 or smaller, preferably 3 or smaller. When nis 2 or larger, the two or more of X^(e) may be the same or differentfrom each other. However, it is preferable that those X^(e) are the sameas each other, from the standpoint of ease in the synthesis.

In the above-mentioned formula (E-2), m represents an integer of usually0 or larger, and usually 5 or smaller, preferably 3 or smaller. When mis 2 or larger, the two or more of Y^(e) may be the same or differentfrom each other. However, it is preferable that those Y^(e) are the sameas each other, from the standpoint of ease in the synthesis.

In addition, two or more X^(e) or two or more Y^(e) may be connected toeach other respectively to form a ring structure or cage structure.Concrete examples of the ring structure or cage structure in such casesinclude adamantane structure and cubane structure.

In the above-mentioned formula (E-2), R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3)represent, independently of each other, hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.However, none of or one of R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) is hydrogen atom.

When R^(e1), R^(e2) or R^(e3) is an alkyl group, the alkyl group may besubstituted with one or more halogen atoms. In addition, two or three ofR^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) may be connected to each other to form a ringstructure or cage structure. Concrete examples of these unsubstituted orhalogen-substituted alkyl group and concrete examples of the ringstructure or cage structure are the same as those described above forX^(e) and Y^(e).

The carbon numbers of R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) are not particularlylimited, either. However, it is preferable that the total carbon numberof R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) is usually 1 or larger, particularly 2 orlarger.

Next, concrete examples of the compounds represented by the formulae(E-1) and (E-2) below.

As such concrete examples in which the substituents of X^(e) and Y^(e)are a halogen atom include monosubstituted compounds such asfluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and iodobenzene;disubstituted compounds such as difluorobenzene, dichlorobenzene,dibromobenzene, and diiodobenzene; and trisubstituted compounds such astrifluorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, tribromobenzene, and triiodobenzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which the substituents of X^(e) andY^(e) are an unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted chained alkylgroup include monosubstituted compounds such as (1-methylethyl)benzene,(1,1-dimethylethy)benzene, (1-methylpropyl)benzene,(1-methylbutyl)benzene, (1-ethylpropyl)benzene, and(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene; disubstituted compounds such as1,2-bis(1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene,1,2-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(1-methylethyl)benzene,1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene,1,4-bis(1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene, and1,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene; and trisubstituted compounds such as1,2,3-tris(1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,2,3-tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene,1,2,3-tris(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene, 1,2,4-tris(1-methylethyl)benzene,1,2,4-tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene,1,2,4-tris(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene, 1,2,5-tris(1-methylethyl)benzene,1,2,5-tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene,1,2,5-tris(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene, 1,3,5-tris(1-methylethyl)benzene,1,3,5-tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene, and1,3,5-tris(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituents X^(e)and Y^(e) is a halogen atom and another of them is an unsubstituted oralkyl group-substituted chained alkyl group include1-fluoro-2-(1-methylethyl)benzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-fluorobenzene,1-fluoro-2-(1-methylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-2-(1-methylbutyl)benzene,1-fluoro-(1-ethylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-2-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene,1-fluoro-3-(1-methylethyl)benzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-fluorobenzene,1-fluoro-3-(1-methylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-3-(1-methylbutyl)benzene,1-fluoro-(1-ethylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-3-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene,l-fluoro-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-fluorobenzene,1-fluoro-4-(1-methylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-4-(1-methylbutyl)benzene,1-fluoro-(1-ethylpropyl)benzene, and1-fluoro-4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which the substituents of X^(e) andY^(e) are an unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted cyclic alkylgroup, or in which the substituent of Y^(e) is a cyclic alkyl groupformed by bonding any two of the R^(e1), R^(e2) and R^(e3) togetherinclude monosubstituted compounds such as cyclopentylbenzene,cyclohexylbenzene, (2-cyclohexyl)cyclohexylbenzene,(3-cyclohexyl)cyclohexylbenzene, (4-cyclohexyl)cyclohexylbenzene,1-cyclohexyl-2-phenylcyclohexane, 1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylcyclohexane, and1-cyclohexyl-4-phenylcyclohexane; disubstituted compounds such as1,2-dicyclopentylbenzene, 1,3-dicyclopentylbenzene,1,4-dicyclopentylbenzene, 1,2-dicyclohexylbenzene,1,3-dicyclohexylbenzene, and 1,4-dicyclohexylbenzene; and trisubstitutedcompounds such as 1,2,3-tricyclopentylbenzene,1,2,4-tricyclopentylbenzene, 1,2,5-tricyclopentylbenzene,1,3,5-tricyclopentylbenzene, 1,2,3-tricyclohexylbenzene,1,2,4-tricyclohexylbenzene, 1,2,5-tricyclohexylbenzene, and1,3,5-tricyclohexylbenzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituents X^(e)and Y^(e) is a halogen atom and another of them is an unsubstituted oralkyl group-substituted cyclic alkyl group include1-cyclopentyl-2-fluorobenzene, 1-cyclohexyl-2-fluorobenzene,1-cyclopentyl-3-fluorobenzene, 1-cyclohexyl-3-fluorobenzene,1-cyclopentyl-4-fluorobenzene, and 1-cyclohexyl-4-fluorobenzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which the substituents of X^(e) andY^(e) are an unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted aryl group includemonosubstituted compounds such as phenylbenzene; disubstituted compoundssuch as 1,2-diphenylbenzene, 1,3-diphenylbenzene, and1,4-diphenylbenzene; and trisubstituted compounds such as1,2,3-triphenylbenzene, 1,2,4-triphenylbenzene, 1,2,5-triphenylbenzene,and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituents X^(e)and Y^(e) is a halogen atom and another of them is an unsubstituted,alkyl group-substituted or halogen atom-substituted aryl group include1-fluoro-2-phenylbenzene, 1-fluoro-3-phenylbenzene,1-fluoro-4-phenylbenzene, 1-fluoro-2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzene,1-fluoro-3-(2-fluorophenyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-4-(2-fluorophenyl)benzene,1-fluoro-2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-3-(3-fluorophenyl)benzene,1-fluoro-4-(3-fluorophenyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzene,1-fluoro-3-(4-fluorophenyl)benzene, and1-fluoro-4-(4-fluorophenyl)benzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituents ofX^(e) and Y^(e) is an unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted chainedalkyl group and another of them is an aryl group include1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-phenylbenzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-phenylbenzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-phenylbenzene,1-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-2-phenylbenzene,1-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-3-phenylbenzene, and1-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-4-phenylbenzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituents ofX^(e) and Y^(e) is an unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted cyclicalkyl group and another of them is an aryl group include1-cyclohexyl-2-phenylbenzene, 1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylbenzene, and1-cyclohexyl-4-phenylbenzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which the substituents of X^(e) andY^(e) are an aryl group-substituted cyclic alkyl group include(2-phenyl)cyclohexylbenzene, (3-phenyl)cyclohexylbenzene, and(4-phenyl)cyclohexylbenzene.

Among the compounds exemplified above, preferable as the specificcompound (E) are compounds represented by the above-mentioned formula(E-2), because they react also as overcharge-preventing agent.

Concrete examples of the compounds represented by the above-mentionedformula (E-2) will be listed below.

Concrete examples of the compound in which the substituent of Y^(e) isan unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted chained alkyl group includemonosubstituted compounds such as (1-methylethyl)benzene,(1,1-dimethylethy)benzene, (1-methylpropyl)benzene,(1-methylbutyl)benzene, (1-ethylpropyl)benzene, and(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene; disubstituted compounds such as1,2-bis(1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,2-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene,1,2-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(1-methylethyl)benzene,1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene,1,4-bis(1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene, and1,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene; and trisubstituted compounds such as1,2,3-tris(1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,2,3-tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene,1,2,3-tris(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene, 1,2,4-tris(1-methylethyl)benzene,1,2,4-tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene,1,2,4-tris(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene, 1,2,5-tris(1-methylethyl)benzene,1,2,5-tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene,1,2,5-tris(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene, 1,3,5-tris(1-methylethyl)benzene,1,3,5-tris(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene, and1,3,5-tris(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituent Y^(e)is a halogen atom and another Y^(e) is an unsubstituted or alkylgroup-substituted chained alkyl group include1-fluoro-2-(1-methylethyl)benzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-fluorobenzene,1-fluoro-2-(1-methylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-2-(1-methylbutyl)benzene,1-fluoro-(1-ethylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-2-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene,1-fluoro-3-(1-methylbutyl)benzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-fluorobenzene,1-fluoro-3-(1-methylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-3-(1-methylbutyl)benzene,1-fluoro-(1-ethylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-3-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene,1-fluoro-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-fluorobenzene,1-fluoro-4-(1-methylpropyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-4-(1-methylbutyl)benzene,1-fluoro-(1-ethylpropyl)benzene, and1-fluoro-4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which the substituent of Y^(e) isan unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted cyclic alkyl group, or acyclic-structured alkyl group formed by bonding any two of the R^(e1),R^(e2) and R^(e3) together include monosubstituted compounds such ascyclopentylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, (2-cyclohexyl)cyclohexylbenzene,(3-cyclohexyl)cyclohexylbenzene, (4-cyclohexyl)cyclohexylbenzene,1-cyclohexyl-2-phenylcyclohexane, 1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylcyclohexane, and1-cyclohexyl-4-phenylcyclohexane; disubstituted compounds such as1,2-dicyclopentylbenzene, 1,3-dicyclopentylbenzene,1,4-dicyclopentylbenzene, 1,2-dicyclohexylbenzene,1,3-dicyclohexylbenzene, and 1,4-dicyclohexylbenzene; and trisubstitutedcompounds such as 1,2,3-tricyclopentylbenzene,1,2,4-tricyclopentylbenzene, 1,2,5-tricyclopentylbenzene,1,3,5-tricyclopentylbenzene, 1,2,3-tricyclohexylbenzene,1,2,4-tricyclohexylbenzene, 1,2,5-tricyclohexylbenzene, and1,3,5-tricyclohexylbenzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituent Y^(e)is a halogen atom and another Ye is an unsubstituted or alkylgroup-substituted cyclic alkyl group include1-cyclopentyl-2-fluorobenzene, 1-cyclohexyl-2-fluorobenzene,1-cyclopentyl-3-fluorobenzene, 1-cyclohexyl-3-fluorobenzene,1-cyclopentyl-4-fluorobenzene, and 1-cyclohexyl-4-fluorobenzene.

Among the compounds exemplified above, particularly preferable are(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene, (1,1-dimethylpropyl)benzene,cyclohexylbenzene, 1-cyclopentyl-2-fluorobenzene,1-cyclopentyl-3-fluorobenzene, 1-cyclopentyl-4-fluorobenzene,1-cyclohexyl-2-phenylbenzene, 1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylbenzene,1-cyclohexyl-4-phenylbenzene, (2-cyclohexyl)cyclohexylbenzene,(3-cyclohexyl)cyclohexylbenzene, (4-cyclohexyl)cyclohexylbenzene,(2-phenyl)cyclohexylbenzene, (3-phenyl)cyclohexylbenzene, and(4-phenyl)cyclohexylbenzene.

Also, compounds in which X^(e) in the formula (E-1) is a halogen atom,or an unsubstituted or halogen atom-substituted aryl group arepreferable. Concrete examples include the following compounds.

Concrete examples in which the substituent X^(e) is a halogen atominclude monosubstituted compounds such as fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene,bromobenzene, and iodobenzene; disubstituted compounds such asdifluorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, dibromobenzene, and diiodobenzene; andtrisubstituted compounds such as trifluorobenzene, trichlorobenzene,tribromobenzene, and triiodobenzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituent X^(e)is a halogen atom and another Xe is an unsubstituted, alkylgroup-substituted or halogen atom-substituted aryl group include1-fluoro-2-phenylbenzene, 1-fluoro-3-phenylbenzene,1-fluoro-4-phenylbenzene, 1-fluoro-2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzene,1-fluoro-3-(2-fluorophenyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-4-(2-fluorophenyl)benzene,1-fluoro-2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-3-(3-fluorophenyl)benzene,1-fluoro-4-(3-fluorophenyl)benzene, 1-fluoro-2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzene,1-fluoro-3-(4-fluorophenyl)benzene, and1-fluoro-4-(4-fluorophenyl)benzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituent X^(e)is an unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted chained alkyl group andanother Xe is an aryl group include1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-phenylbenzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-phenylbenzene,1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-phenylbenzene,1-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-2-phenylbenzene,1-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-3-phenylbenzene, and1-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-4-phenylbenzene.

Concrete examples of the compound in which one of the substituent X^(e)is an unsubstituted or alkyl group-substituted cyclic alkyl group andanother Xe is an aryl group include 1-cyclohexyl-2-phenylbenzene,1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylbenzene, and 1-cyclohexyl-4-phenylbenzene.

Among the compounds exemplified above, particularly preferable arefluorobenzene, 1-cyclopentyl-2-fluorobenzene,1-cyclopentyl-3-fluorobenzene, 1-cyclopentyl-4-fluorobenzene,phenylbenzene, 1,2-diphenylbenzene, 1,3-diphenylbenzene,1,4-diphenylbenzene, 1-cyclohexyl-2-phenylbenzene,1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylbenzene, and 1-cyclohexyl-4-phenylbenzene.

There is no special limitation on the molecular weight of the specificcompound (E), insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. However, it is usually 100 or more, andpreferably 110 or more. There is no special limitation on the upperlimit, but when it is too high, viscosity tends to increase. Therefore,to be practical, it is usually 400 or smaller, preferably 300 orsmaller.

No particular limitation is imposed on the method of producing thespecific compound (E), either. Any known method can be adopted and used.

The specific compound (E) explained above can be included in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention either as asingle kind or as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combination andin any ratio.

There is no special limitation on the proportion of the specificcompound (E) in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the presentinvention, insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. However, it is preferable that the concentrationin the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention isusually 0.01 weight % or higher, preferably 0.1 weight % or higher, andusually 10 weight % or lower, preferably 5 weight % or lower. If theproportion is below the lower limit of the above range, an adequateeffect of improving cycle performance of the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery may not be guaranteed when the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of the present invention is used for the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery. On the other hand, when it exceedsthe upper limit of the above range, its chemical reactivity in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte tends to increase, leading possibly todecrease in battery characteristics of the above-mentioned non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery.

No limitation is imposed on the ratio of the specific compound (E)relative to the specific carbonate, in the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte of the present invention, either. However, it is preferablethat the relative weight ratio, represented by “weight of the specificcompound (E)/weight of the specific carbonate”, is in the range ofusually 0.0001 or higher, preferably 0.001 or higher, more preferably0.01 or higher, and usually 1000 or lower, preferably 100 or lower, morepreferably 10 or lower. If the above-mentioned relative weight ratio istoo high or too low, the synergistic effect may not be obtained.

By incorporating the above-mentioned specific compound (E) and thespecific carbonate in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, it is possibleto improve the charge-discharge cycle performance of the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery using the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte. The detailed reason is not clear, but inferred as follows.Namely, through the reaction between the specific compound (E) and thespecific carbonate contained in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, aneffective protective layer is formed on the surface of thenegative-electrode active material, leading to the suppression of sidereactions. Cycle deterioration is thus inhibited. The details of thisreaction is not clear, but it is inferred that coexistence of thespecific compound (E) and the specific carbonate in the liquidelectrolyte can somehow contribute to enhancement in the protectivelayer characteristics.

[I-2. Specific Carbonate]

The specific carbonate according to the present invention indicates acarbonate having at least either an unsaturated bond or a halogen atom.Namely, the specific carbonate of the present invention may contain onlyan unsaturated bond or only a halogen atom. It may also contain both anunsaturated bond and a halogen atom.

There is no special limitation on the kind of the carbonate having anunsaturated bond (hereinafter abbreviated as “unsaturated carbonate” asappropriate) and any known unsaturated carbonate can be used, insofar asit is a carbonate having a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond such ascarbon-to-carbon double bond or carbon-to-carbon triple bond. Acarbonate having an aromatic ring can also be regarded as carbonatehaving an unsaturated bond.

Examples of the unsaturated carbonate include vinylene carbonate and itsderivatives, ethylene carbonate substituted with a substituent having anaromatic ring or carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and its derivatives,phenyl carbonates, vinyl carbonates and allyl carbonates.

Concrete examples of the vinylene carbonate and its derivatives include:vinylene carbonate, methylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethylvinylenecarbonate, phenylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenylvinylene carbonate andcatechol carbonate.

Concrete examples of the ethylene carbonate substituted with asubstituent containing an aromatic ring or a carbon-to-carbonunsaturated bond and its derivatives include: vinylethylene carbonate,4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, phenylethylene carbonate and4,5-diphenylethylene carbonate.

Concrete examples of the phenyl carbonates include: diphenyl carbonate,ethylphenyl carbonate, methylphenyl carbonate and t-butylphenylcarbonate.

Concrete examples of the vinyl carbonates include: divinyl carbonate andmethylvinyl carbonate.

Concrete examples of the allyl carbonates include: diallyl carbonate andallylmethyl carbonate.

Of these unsaturated carbonates, preferable as specific carbonate arevinylene carbonate and its derivatives, and ethylene carbonatesubstituted with a substituent having an aromatic ring orcarbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and its derivatives. In particular,vinylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethylvinylenecarbonate and vinylethylene carbonate can be preferably used, as theyform a stable interface protective layer.

On the other hand, regarding the carbonate having a halogen atom(hereinafter abbreviated as “halogenated carbonate” as appropriate), nospecial limitation exists on its kind and any halogenated carbonate canbe used, insofar as it contains a halogen atom.

Concrete examples of the halogen atom are fluorine atom, chlorine atom,bromine atom and iodine atom. Of these, preferable are fluorine atom andchlorine atom. Fluorine atom is particularly preferable. There is nospecial limitation on the number of the halogen atoms contained in thehalogenated carbonate insofar as it is one or more. However, it isusually 6 or less, preferably 4 or less. When the halogenated carbonatecontains more than one halogen atoms, they can be identical to ordifferent from each other.

Examples of the halogenated carbonate include ethylene carbonate and itsderivatives, dimethyl carbonate and its derivatives, ethylmethylcarbonate and its derivatives and diethyl carbonate and its derivatives.

Concrete examples of the ethylene carbonate derivatives are:fluoroethylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoroethylenecarbonate, 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate, 4,4-dichloroethylenecarbonate, 4,5-dichloroethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-methylethylenecarbonate, 4-chloro-4-methylethylene carbonate,4,5-difluoro-4-methylethylene carbonate, 4,5-dichloro-4-methylethylenecarbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylethylene carbonate,4-chloro-5-methylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-5-methylethylenecarbonate, 4,4-dichloro-5-methylethylene carbonate,4-(fluoromethyl)-ethylene carbonate, 4-(chloromethyl)-ethylenecarbonate, 4-(difluoromethyl)-ethylene carbonate,4-(dichloromethyl)-ethylene carbonate, 4-(trifluoromethyl)-ethylenecarbonate, 4-(trichloromethyl)-ethylene carbonate,4-(fluoromethyl)-4-fluoroethylene carbonate,4-(chloromethyl)-4-chloroethylene carbonate,4-(fluoromethyl)-5-fluoroethylene carbonate,4-(chloromethyl)-5-chloroethylene carbonate,4-fluoro-4,5-dimethylethylene carbonate, 4-chloro-4,5-dimethylethylenecarbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-dimethylethylene carbonate,4,5-dichloro-4,5-dimethylethylene carbonate,4,4-difluoro-5,5-dimethylethylene carbonate and4,4-dichloro-5,5-dimethylethylene carbonate.

Concrete examples of the dimethyl carbonate derivatives are:fluoromethyl methyl carbonate, difluoromethyl methyl carbonate,trifluoromethyl methyl carbonate, bis(fluoromethyl) carbonate,bis(difluoro)methyl carbonate, bis(trifluoro)methyl carbonate,chloromethylmethyl carbonate, dichloromethylmethyl carbonate,trichloromethylmethyl carbonate, bis(chloromethyl) carbonate,bis(dichloro)methyl carbonate and bis(trichloro)methyl carbonate.

Concrete examples of the ethylmethyl carbonate derivatives are:2-fluoroethylmethyl carbonate, ethylfluoromethyl carbonate,2,2-difluoroethylmethyl carbonate, 2-fluoroethylfluoromethyl carbonate,ethyldifluoromethyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylmethyl carbonate,2,2-difluoroethylfluoromethyl carbonate, 2-fluoroethyldifluoromethylcarbonate, ethyltrifluoromethyl carbonate, 2-chloroethylmethylcarbonate, ethylchloromethyl carbonate, 2,2-dichloroethylmethylcarbonate, 2-chloroethylchloromethyl carbonate, ethyldichloromethylcarbonate, 2,2,2-trichloroethylmethyl carbonate,2,2-dichloroethylchloromethyl carbonate, 2-chloroethyldichloromethylcarbonate and ethyltrichloromethyl carbonate.

Concrete examples of the diethyl carbonate derivatives are:ethyl-(2-fluoroethyl) carbonate, ethyl-(2,2-difluoroethyl) carbonate,bis(2-fluoroethyl) carbonate, ethyl-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate,2,2-difluoroethyl-2′-fluoroethyl carbonate, bis(2,2-difluoroethyl)carbonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-2′-fluoroethyl carbonate,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-2′,2′-difluoroethyl carbonate,bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, ethyl-(2-chloroethyl) carbonate,ethyl-(2,2-dichloroethyl) carbonate, bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonate,ethyl-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) carbonate, 2,2-dichloroethyl-2′-chloroethylcarbonate, bis(2,2-dichloroethyl) carbonate,2,2,2-trichloroethyl-2′-chloroethyl carbonate,2,2,2-trichloroethyl-2′,2′-dichloroethyl carbonate andbis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) carbonate.

Of these halogenated carbonates, preferable are carbonates containing afluorine atom. More preferable are ethylene carbonate and itsderivatives containing a fluorine atom. In particular, fluoroethylenecarbonate, 4-(fluoromethyl)-ethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoroethylenecarbonate and 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate can preferably be used, asthese compounds form an interface protective layer.

Furthermore, it is possible to use a carbonate containing both anunsaturated bond and a halogen atom (hereinafter abbreviated as“halogenated unsaturated carbonate” as appropriate) as specificcarbonate. There is no special limitation on the halogenated unsaturatedcarbonate used and any such compounds can be used, insofar as theadvantage of the present invention is not significantly impaired.

Examples of the halogenated unsaturated carbonates include vinylenecarbonate and its derivatives, ethylene carbonate substituted with asubstituent having an aromatic ring or carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bondand its derivatives, and allyl carbonates [SIC].

Concrete examples of the vinylene carbonate derivatives include:fluorovinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylvinylene carbonate,4-fluoro-5-phenylvinylene carbonate, chlorovinylene carbonate,4-chloro-5-methylvinylene carbonate and 4-chloro-5-phenylvinylenecarbonate.

Concrete examples of the ethylene carbonate substituted with asubstituent having an aromatic ring or carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bondand its derivatives include: 4-fluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate,4-fluoro-5-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-5-vinylethylenecarbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate,4-chloro-5-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,4-dichloro-5-vinylethylenecarbonate, 4,5-dichloro-4-vinylethylene carbonate,4-fluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-divinylethylenecarbonate, 4-chloro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate,4,5-dichloro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-phenylethylenecarbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenylethylene carbonate,4,4-difluoro-5-phenylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-phenylethylenecarbonate, 4-chloro-4-phenylethylene carbonate,4-chloro-5-phenylethylene carbonate, 4,4-dichloro-5-phenylethylenecarbonate, 4,5-dichloro-4-phenylethylene carbonate,4,5-difluoro-4,5-diphenylethylene carbonate and4,5-dichloro-4,5-diphenylethylene carbonate.

Concrete examples of the phenyl carbonates include: fluoromethylphenylcarbonate, 2-fluoroethylphenyl carbonate, 2,2-difluoroethylphenylcarbonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylphenyl carbonate, chloromethylphenylcarbonate, 2-chloroethylphenyl carbonate, 2,2-dichloroethylphenylcarbonate and 2,2,2-trichloroethylphenyl carbonate.

Concrete examples of the vinyl carbonates include: fluoromethylvinylcarbonate, 2-fluoroethylvinyl carbonate, 2,2-difluoroethylvinylcarbonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylvinyl carbonate, chloromethylvinylcarbonate, 2-chloroethylvinyl carbonate, 2,2-dichloroethylvinylcarbonate and 2,2,2-trichloroethylvinyl carbonate.

Concrete examples of the allyl carbonates include: fluoromethylallylcarbonate, 2-fluoroethylallyl carbonate, 2,2-difluoroethylallylcarbonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylallyl carbonate, chloromethylallylcarbonate, 2-chloroethylallyl carbonate, 2,2-dichloroethylallylcarbonate and 2,2,2-trichloroethylallyl carbonate.

Of the halogenated unsaturated carbonates mentioned above, particularlypreferable as specific carbonate are one or more compounds selected fromthe group consisting of vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate,fluoroethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoroethylene carbonate, andderivatives of these carbonate compounds, which are highly effectivewhen used alone.

There is no special limitation on the molecular weight of the specificcarbonate, insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. It is usually 50 or larger, preferably 80 orlarger, and usually 250 or smaller, preferably 150 or smaller. When itis too large, the solubility of the specific carbonate in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte decreases and the advantageous effect ofthe present invention may not be adequately achieved.

There is no special limitation on the method of producing the specificcarbonate and any known method can be selected and used.

The specific carbonate, explained above, may be used in the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of the present invention either as a single kind oras a mixture of two or more kinds in any combination and in any ratio.

There is no special limitation on the proportion of the specificcarbonate in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the presentinvention, insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. It is preferable that the proportion, relativeto the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention, isusually 0.01 weight % or larger, preferably 0.1 weight % or larger, morepreferably 0.3 weight % or larger, and usually 70 weight % or smaller,preferably 50 weight % or smaller, more preferably 40 weight % orsmaller. If the proportion is below the above-mentioned lower limit,adequate effect of improving cycle performance of the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery may not be guaranteed when the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of the present invention is used for the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery. On the other hand, if theproportion of the specific carbonate is too large, high-temperaturestorage characteristics and trickle charging characteristics of thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery tend to deteriorate,leading particularly to increased gas evolution and deterioration ofcapacity retention rate, when the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of thepresent invention is used for the non-aqueous liquid electrolytesecondary battery.

[I-3. Non-Aqueous Solvent]

As non-aqueous solvent contained in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyteof the present invention, any such solvent can be used, insofar as theadvantageous effect of the present invention is not significantlyimpaired. Non-aqueous solvent may be used either one kind or as acombination of two or more kinds in any combination and in any ratio.

Examples of usually used non-aqueous solvent include: cyclic carbonate,chain carbonate, chain and cyclic carboxylic acid ester, chain andcyclic ether, phosphor-containing organic solvent and sulfur-containingorganic solvent.

There is no special limitation on the kind of the cyclic carbonate.Examples of those usually used, except carbonates corresponding to thespecific carbonates mentioned previously, include: ethylene carbonate,propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate.

Of these compounds, ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate arepreferable because they have high dielectric constant, which effectseasy dissolution of the solute, and assures good cycle performance whenused for the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery.Accordingly, it is preferable that the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte ofthe present invention contains, as non-aqueous solvent, ethylenecarbonate and/or propylene carbonate, in addition to the carbonatescorresponding to the specific carbonate mentioned before.

There is no special limitation on the kind of the chain carbonate,either. Examples of those usually used, except carbonates correspondingto the specific carbonates mentioned previously, include: dimethylcarbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl-n-propylcarbonate, ethyl-n-propyl carbonate and di-n-propyl carbonate.

Therefore, it is preferable that the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte ofthe present invention contains, as non-aqueous solvent, at least onecarbonate selected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate,ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl-n-propyl carbonate,ethyl-n-propyl carbonate and di-n-propyl carbonate, in addition to thecarbonates corresponding to the specific carbonate mentioned before. Ofthese, diethyl carbonate, methyl-n-propyl carbonate and ethyl-n-propylcarbonate are preferable, and diethyl carbonate is particularlypreferable because of its excellent cycle performance when used for thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery.

There is no special limitation on the kind of the chain carboxylic acidester. Examples of those usually used include: methyl acetate, ethylacetate, n-propyl acetate, i-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, i-butylacetate, t-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, n-propylpropionate, i-propyl propionate, n-butyl propionate, i-butyl propionateand t-butyl propionate.

Of these compounds, preferable are ethyl acetate, methyl propionate andethyl propionate.

There is no special limitation on the kind of the cyclic carboxylic acidester, either. Examples of those usually used include: γ-butyrolactone,γ-valerolactone and δ-valerolactone.

Of these, γ-butyrolactone is preferable.

There is no special limitation on the kind of the chain ether. Examplesof those usually used include: dimethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane,diethoxymethane, diethoxyethane, ethoxymethoxymethane andethoxymethoxyethane.

Of these, dimethoxyethane and diethoxyethane are preferable.

There is no special limitation on the kind of the cyclic ether. Examplesof those usually used include: tetrahydrofuran and2-methyltetrahydrofuran.

There is no special limitation on the kind of the phosphor-containingorganic solvent. Examples of those usually used include: phosphoric acidesters such as trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate and triphenylphosphate; phosphorous acid esters such as trimethyl phosphite, triethylphosphite and triphenyl phosphite; and phosphine oxides such astrimethyl phosphine oxide, triethyl phosphine oxide and triphenylphosphine oxide.

There is no special limitation on the kind of the sulfur-containingorganic solvent. Examples of those usually used include: ethylenesulfite, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, methyl methanesulfonate, busulfan, sulfolane, sulforene, dimethyl sulfone, diphenylsulfone, methyl phenyl sulfone, dibutyl disulfide, dicyclohexyldisulfide, tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide, N,N-dimethylmethanesulfonamide and N,N-diethylmethane sulfonamide.

Of these compounds, it is preferable to use ethylene carbonate and/orpropylene carbonate, which belongs to cyclic carbonate. It is furtherpreferable to combine the chain carbonate with these cyclic carbonates.

When the cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate are used in combination asnon-aqueous solvent, preferable content of the chain carbonate in thenon-aqueous solvent of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the presentinvention is usually 30 weight % or higher, preferably 50 weight % orhigher, and usually 95 weight % or lower, preferably 90 weight % orlower. On the other hand, preferable content of the cyclic carbonate inthe non-aqueous solvent of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of thepresent invention is usually 5 weight % or higher, preferably 10 weight% or higher, and usually 50 weight % or lower, preferably 40 weight % orlower. When the content of the chain carbonate is too low, the viscosityof the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention mayincrease. When the content of the chain carbonate is too high,dissociation degree of electrolyte lithium salt becomes low, leading toa decrease in electric conductivity of the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte of the present invention.

[I-4. Electrolyte]

There is no special limitation on the kind of the electrolyte used forthe non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention. Anyelectrolyte known to be used as electrolyte of the intended non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery can be used. When the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of the present invention is used for the lithiumsecondary battery, a lithium salt is usually used as electrolyte.

Concrete examples of the electrolytes include: inorganic lithium saltssuch as LiClO₄, LiAsF₆, LiPF₆, Li₂CO₃ and LiBF₄; fluorine-containingorganic lithium salt such as LiCF₃SO₃, LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂, LiN(C₂F₅SO₂)₂,cyclic 1,3-hexafluoropropane disulfonylimide lithium salt, cyclic1,2-tetrafluoroethane disulfonylimide lithium salt,LiN(CF₃SO₂)(C₄F₉SO₂), LiC(CF₃SO₂)₃, LiPF₄(CF₃)₂, LiPF₄(C₂F₅)₂,LiPF₄(CF₃SO₂)₂, LiPF₄(C₂F₅SO₂)₂, LiBF₂(CF₃)₂, LiBF₂(C₂F₅)₂,LiBF₂(CF₃SO₂)₂ and LiBF₂(C₂F₅SO₂)₂; dicarboxylic acid-containing lithiumsalt complexes such as lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithiumtris(oxalato)phosphate and lithium difluorooxalatoborate; and sodiumsalts and potassium salts such as KPF₆, NaPF₆, NaBF₄ and NaCF₃SO₃.

Of these, preferable are LiPF₆, LiBF₄, LiCF₃SO₃, LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂,LiN(C₂F₅SO₂)₂ and cyclic 1,2-tetrafluoroethane disulfonylimide lithiumsalt. Particularly preferable are LiPF₆ and LiBF₄.

The electrolyte can be used either as a single kind or as a mixture oftwo or more kinds in any combination and in any ratio. In particular,when two specific inorganic lithium salts are used in combination, orinorganic lithium salt and fluorine-containing organic lithium salt areused in combination, gas evolution at the time of trickle charging issuppressed or deterioration at the time of high-temperature storage issuppressed, which is desirable. Particularly preferable are combined useof LiPF₆ and LiBF₄, and combined use of inorganic lithium salt, such asLiPF₆ and LiBF₄, and fluorine-containing organic lithium salt, such asLiCF₃SO₃, LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂ and LiN(C₂F₅SO₂)₂.

When LiPF₆ and LiBF₄ are used in combination, it is preferable that theratio of LiBF₄ in the whole electrolyte is usually 0.01 weight % orhigher and 20 weight % or lower. Dissociation of LiBF₄ is not extensiveand if the ratio is too high, resistance of the liquid electrolyte maybecome high.

On the other hand, when an inorganic lithium salt such as LiPF₆ andLiBF₄ and a fluorine-containing organic lithium salt such as LiCF₃SO₃,LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂ and LiN(C₂F₅SO₂)₂ are used in combination, it is preferablethat the ratio of the inorganic lithium salt in the whole electrolyte isusually 70 weight % or higher and 99 weight % or lower. The molecularweight of a fluorine-containing organic lithium salt is generally higherthan that of an inorganic lithium salt. Therefore, when that ratio istoo high, the ratio of the solvent in the liquid electrolyte decreases,resulting possibly in high resistance of the liquid electrolyte.

No particular limitation is imposed on the concentration of the lithiumsalt in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention,insofar as the advantage of the present invention is not significantlyimpaired. It is usually 0.5 mol·dm⁻³ or higher, preferably 0.6 mol·dm⁻³or higher, more preferably 0.8 mol·dm⁻³ or higher, and usually 3mol·dm⁻³ or lower, preferably 2 mol·dm⁻³ or lower, more preferably 1.5mol·dm⁻³ or lower. When the concentration is too low, the electricconductivity of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte may be inadequate.When the concentration is too high, the electric conductivity maydecrease due to high viscosity, resulting in low performance of thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery based on thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention.

When the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present inventioncontains the above-mentioned specific compound (A), namely, the firstand the second lithium salts, these lithium salts may serve aselectrolytes, or another electrolyte may be contained additionally.

[I-5. Additive]

It is preferable that the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the presentinvention contains various additives to the extent that the advantage ofthe present invention is not significantly impaired. As the additive,any known ones can be used. The additive can be used either as a singlekind or as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combination and in anyratio.

Examples of the additives include overcharge-preventing agent andauxiliary agent used to improve capacity retention characteristics andcycle performance after high-temperature storage.

Concrete examples of the overcharge-preventing agent include: aromaticcompounds such as biphenyl, alkyl biphenyl, terphenyl, partiallyhydrogenated terphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene,t-amylbenzene, diphenylether and dibenzofuran; partially fluorinatedabove-mentioned aromatic compounds such as 2-fluorobiphenyl,o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene and p-cyclohexylfluorobenzene;fluorine-containing anisole compounds such as 2,4-difluoroanisole,2,5-difluoroanislole and 2,6-difluoroaniole [SIC].

These overcharge-preventing agents can be used either as a single kindor as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combination and in anyratio.

When the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present inventioncontains an overcharge-preventing agent, no particular limitation isimposed on its concentration used, insofar as the advantage of thepresent invention is not significantly impaired. However, it ispreferable that its content in the total non-aqueous liquid electrolyteis usually 0.1 weight % or more and 5 weight % or less. By incorporatingthe overcharge-preventing agent in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, itis possible to prevent rupture and ignition of the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery caused by overcharge, which preferablycontributes to the enhancement of safety of the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery.

On the other hand, concrete examples of the auxiliary agent used toimprove capacity retention characteristics or cycle performance afterthe high-temperature storage are: anhydrides of dicarboxylic acid suchas succinic acid, maleic acid and phthalic acid; carbonate compoundsexcept those designated as the specific carbonates, such as erythritancarbonate and spiro-bis-dimethylene carbonate; sulfur-containingcompounds such as ethylene sulfite, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butanesultone, methyl methanesulfonate, busulfane, sulfolane, sulforene,dimethyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, methylphenyl sulfone, dibutyldisulfide, dicyclohexyl disulfide, tetramethylthiuram monosulfide,N,N-dimethylmethane sulfonamide and N,N-diethylmethane sulfonamide;nitrogen-containing compounds such as 1-methyl-2-pyrolidinone,1-methyl-2-piperidone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone,1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone and N-methylsuccinimide; hydrocarboncompounds such as heptane, octane and cycloheptane; andfluorine-containing aromatic compounds such as fluorobenzene,difluorobenzene and benzotrifluoride.

These auxiliary agents can be used either as a single kind or as amixture of two or more kinds in any combination and in any ratio.

When the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present inventioncontains an auxiliary agent, no limitation is imposed on itsconcentration, insofar as the advantage of the present invention is notsignificantly impaired. Usually, it is preferable that its concentrationin the entire non-aqueous liquid electrolyte is 0.1 weight % or higherand 5 weight % or lower.

[II. Lithium Secondary Battery]

The lithium secondary battery of the present invention comprises anegative electrode and a positive electrode, capable of intercalatingand deintercalating lithium ions, and a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte,the negative electrode containing a negative-electrode active materialhaving at least one kind of atom selected from the group consisting ofSi atom, Sn atom and Pb atom, wherein said non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte is the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the presentinvention mentioned above.

[II-1. Constitution of Battery]

Constitution of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery ofthe present invention is similar to that of the known non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery except the constitution of the negativeelectrode and non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. Usually, the positiveelectrode and negative electrode are layered with a porous membrane (aseparator) interposed therein, which is impregnated with the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of the present invention, and the whole structure isstored in a case (an outer package). There is no special limitation onthe shape of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery of thepresent invention. The shape may be cylindrical, prismatic, laminated,coin-like or large size-type.

[II-2. Non-Aqueous Liquid Electrolyte]

As non-aqueous liquid electrolyte, the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte ofthe present invention, described above, is used. Other non-aqueousliquid electrolyte can be added to the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte ofthe present invention to such an extent that it does not depart from thescope of the present invention.

[II-3. Negative Electrode]

The negative electrode of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondarybattery of the present invention comprises negative-electrode activematerial having at least one kind of atom selected from the groupconsisting of Si (silicon) atom, Sn (tin) atom and Pb (lead) atom (theseare hereafter referred to as “specific metal elements” as appropriate).

Examples of the negative-electrode active material containing at leastone element selected from the specific metal elements include: any onespecific metal element alone; alloys consisting of two or more kinds ofthe specific metal elements; alloys consisting of one or more of thespecific metal elements and one or more other metal elements; andcompounds containing one or more of the specific metal elements. It ispossible to realize higher capacity of the battery by using these metalelements, alloys or metal compounds as negative-electrode activematerial.

Examples of the compounds containing one or more of the specific metalelements include complex compounds, such as carbide, oxide, nitride,sulfide and phosphide, containing one or more of the specific metalelements.

Other examples include compounds in which these complex compounds arefurther connected to metal elements, alloys or several elements such asnon-metal elements in a complicated manner. More concrete examplesinclude alloys of Si or Sn with a metal not reacting as negativeelectrode. Also usable are complex compounds containing 5 or 6 elements,in which Sn, for example, is combined with a metal which is other thanSi, Sn and Pb and is capable of acting as negative electrode, a metalnot reacting as negative electrode and a non-metal element.

Of these negative-electrode active materials, preferable are: any onekind of the specific metal elements used alone, alloys of two or morekinds of the specific metal elements, and oxides, carbides or nitridesof the specific metal elements, as they have large capacity per unitweight when made into the battery. Particularly preferable are metalelements, alloys, oxides, carbides and nitrides of Si and/or Sn, fromthe standpoints of capacity per unit weight and small burden on theenvironment.

Also preferable are the following Si and/or Sn-containing compoundsbecause of their excellent cycle performance, although they are inferiorto metal alone or alloy in capacity per unit weight.

Oxides of Si and/or Sn in which the ratio of Si and/or Sn relative tooxygen is usually 0.5 to 1.5, preferably 0.7 to 1.3, more preferably 0.9to 1.1.

Nitrides of Si and/or Sn in which the ratio of Si and/or Sn relative tonitrogen is usually 0.5 to 1.5, preferably 0.7 to 1.3, more preferably0.9 to 1.1.

Carbides of Si and/or Sn in which the ratio of Si and/or Sn relative tocarbon is usually 0.5 to 1.5, preferably 0.7 to 1.3, more preferably 0.9to 1.1.

The above negative-electrode active material can be used either as asingle kind or as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combination andin any ratio.

The negative electrode of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondarybattery of the present invention can be produced according to a knownmethod. Specifically, the negative electrode can be produced using theabove-mentioned negative-electrode active material combined with binder,electroconductor or the like, directly by roll-molding into a sheetelectrode, or by compression-molding into a pellet electrode, forexample. However, it is usually produced by forming a thin layercontaining the above negative-electrode active material(negative-electrode active material layer) on a current collector for anegative-electrode (hereinafter, referred to as “negative-electrodecurrent collector” as appropriate) by means of coating, vapordeposition, spattering, plating or the like. In this case, the abovenegative-electrode active material is mixed with, for example, binder,thickener, electroconductor, solvent or the like to be made into theform of slurry. Then the slurry is applied to the negative-electrodecurrent collector, dried and pressed to increase its density, therebythe negative-electrode active material layer being formed on thenegative-electrode current collector.

Materials of the negative-electrode current collector include: steel,copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy and stainless steel. Of thesematerials, preferable is copper foil, because of its thin-layerformability and low cost.

The thickness of the negative-electrode current collector is usually 1μm or larger, preferably 5 μm or larger, and usually 100 μm or smaller,preferably 50 μm or smaller. When the negative-electrode currentcollector is too thick, the capacity of the entire battery may becometoo low. On the other hand, when it is too thin, its handling issometimes difficult.

In order to increase the bindability of the negative-electrode currentcollector to the negative-electrode active material layer formedthereon, it is preferable that the surface of the negative-electrodecurrent collector is subjected to roughening procedure in advance.Examples of the surface roughening methods include: blasting procedure;rolling with a rough-surfaced roll; mechanical polishing in which thecollector surface is polished with such means as an abrasive cloth orabrasive paper onto which abradant particles are adhered, a whetstone,an emery buff and a wire brush equipped with steel wire;electropolishing; and chemical polishing.

In order to decrease the weight of the negative-electrode currentcollector and increase energy density of the battery per unit weight, itis also possible to use a perforated-type negative-electrode currentcollector such as an expanded metal or a punched metal. This type ofnegative-electrode current collector is freely adjustable in its weightby means of adjusting its ratio of perforation. Besides, when thenegative-electrode active material layers are formed on both sides ofthis perforated-type of negative-electrode current collector, thenegative-electrode active material layers are riveted at theseperforations and therefore become more resistant to exfoliation.However, if the ratio of perforation is too high, the bond strength mayrather decrease because the contact area between the negative-electrodeactive material layer and the negative-electrode current collectorbecomes too small.

Slurry for making the negative-electrode active material layer isusually prepared by adding such agents as binder and thickener to thenegative electrode material. Incidentally, in this Description, the term“negative electrode material” indicates a material containing bothnegative-electrode active material and electroconductor.

The content of the negative-electrode active material in the negativeelectrode material is usually 70 weight % or higher, preferably 75weight % or higher, and usually 97 weight % or lower, preferably 95weight % or lower. When the content of the negative-electrode activematerial is too low, the capacity of the secondary battery based on theresultant negative electrode tends to be insufficient. When the contentis too high, the relative content of the binder etc. tends to becomelow, leading to insufficient strength of the negative electrode. Whentwo or more kinds of negative-electrode active materials are used incombination, the sum of the negative-electrode active materials shouldfall within the above range.

Examples of the electroconductor to be used for the negative electrodeinclude: metal materials such as copper and nickel; and carbon materialssuch as graphite and carbon black. These materials can be used either asa single kind or as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combinationand in any ratio. In particular, carbon material can be advantageouslyused as electroconductor, as this material can also function as activematerial. The content of the electroconductor in the negative electrodematerial is usually 3 weight % or higher, preferably 5 weight % orhigher, and usually 30 weight % or lower, preferably 25 weight % orlower. When the content of the electroconductor is too low, theconductivity tends to be inadequate. When it is too high, the relativecontent of the negative-electrode active material tends to beinadequate, leading to decrease in battery capacity and mechanicalstrength. When two or more electroconductors are used in combination,the total content of the electroconductors should be adjusted to fallwithin the above range.

As binder to be used for the negative electrode, any such material canbe used insofar as it is stable in the solvent used for the electrodeproduction and in the liquid electrolyte. Examples includepolyfluorinated vinylidene, polytetrafluoro ethylene, polyethylene,polypropylene, styrene butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, butadienerubber, ethylene acrylic acid copolymer and ethylene methacrylic acidcopolymer. These may be used either as a single kind or as a mixture oftwo or more kinds in any combination and in any ratio. The content ofthe binder per 100 weight parts of the negative electrode material isusually 0.5 weight part or more, preferably 1 weight part or more, andusually 10 weight parts or less, preferably 8 weight parts or less. Whenthe content of the binder is too small, mechanical strength of theresultant negative electrode tends to be insufficient. When the contentis too high, the relative content of the negative-electrode activematerial tends to decrease, leading possibly to insufficient batterycapacity and conductivity. When two or more binders are used incombination, the total content of the binders should be adjusted to fallwithin the above range.

Thickener to be used for the negative electrode include carboxymethylcellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose,polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch and casein.These may be used either as a single kind or as a mixture of two or morekinds in any combination and in any ratio. The thickener may be usedwhen considered necessary. When the thickener is used, it is preferablethat its content in the negative-electrode active material layer isusually held at 0.5 weight % or higher, and 5 weight % or lower.

Slurry for making the negative-electrode active material layer isprepared by mixing, as needed, electroconductor, binder or thickenerwith the above negative-electrode active material, using aqueous solventor organic solvent as dispersion medium. As aqueous solvent, water isusually used. It is also possible to mix other solvent, e.g. alcoholsuch as ethanol or cyclic amide such as N-methylpyrrolidone, in a rationot exceeding about 30 weight % relative to water. Examples of organicsolvent usually used include: cyclic amides such as N-methylpyrrolidone;straight chain amides such as N,N-dimethylformamide andN,N-dimethylacetamide; aromatic hydrocarbons such as anisole, tolueneand xylene; and alcohols such as butanol and cyclohexanol. Of these,preferable are cyclic amides, such as N-methylpyrrolidone, and straightchain amides, such as N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide.These can be used either as a single kind or as a mixture of two or morekinds in any combination and in any ratio.

No particular limitation is imposed on the viscosity of the slurry,insofar as the slurry can be applied on the current collector. Theamount of the solvent used at the time of slurry preparation can beadjusted appropriately to give a suitable viscosity for application.

Slurry obtained is applied on the above negative-electrode currentcollector, and after drying and pressing, negative-electrode activematerial layer is formed. No particular limitation is imposed on themethod of the application and known methods can be used. No particularlimitation is imposed on the method of drying either, and known methodssuch as air drying, heated drying and reduced-pressure drying can beused.

There is no special limitation on the electrode structure whennegative-electrode active material is made into an electrode by theabove-mentioned method. The density of the active material present onthe current collector is preferably 1 g·cm⁻³ or higher, more preferably1.2 g·cm⁻³ or higher, still more preferably 1.3 g·cm⁻³ or higher, andusually 2 g·cm⁻³ or lower, preferably 1.9 g·cm⁻³ or lower, morepreferably 1.8 g·cm⁻³ or lower, still more preferably 1.7 g·cm⁻³ orlower. When the density exceeds the above-mentioned range, the activematerial particles are destroyed and an increase in initial irreversiblecapacity and deterioration in charge-discharge characteristic under highcurrent densities, caused by decrease in immersibility of thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte near the interface between the currentcollector/active material, may result. When the density is below theabove range, the conductivity in the active material may be poor,battery resistance may increase and capacity per unit volume maydecrease.

[II-4. Positive Electrode]

The positive electrode of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondarybattery of the present invention contains positive-electrode activematerial, in the same way as a usual non-aqueous liquid electrolytesecondary battery.

Examples of the positive-electrode active material include inorganiccompounds such as transition metal oxides, composite oxides oftransition metal and lithium (lithium transition metal composite oxide),transition metal sulfides and metal oxides, and metal lithium, lithiumalloys and their composites. Concrete examples include: transition metaloxides such as MnO, V₂O₅, V₆O₁₃ and TiO₂; lithium transition metalcomposite oxides such as LiCoO₂ or lithium cobalt composite oxide whosebasic composition is LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂ or lithium nickel composite oxidewhose basic composition is LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄ or LiMnO₂ or lithiummanganese composite oxide whose basic composition is LiMn₂O₄ or LiMnO₂,lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide and lithium nickelcobalt aluminum composite oxide; transition metal sulfides such as TiSand FeS; and metal oxides such as SnO₂ and SiO₂. Of these compounds,preferable are lithium transition metal composite oxides, moreconcretely LiCoO₂ or lithium cobalt composite oxide whose basiccomposition is LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂ or lithium nickel composite oxide whosebasic composition is LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄ or LiMnO₂ or lithium manganesecomposite oxide whose basic composition is LiMn₂O₄ or LiMnO₂, lithiumnickel manganese cobalt composite oxide and lithium nickel cobaltaluminum composite oxide, because they can provide both high capacityand excellent cycle performance. Lithium transition metal compositeoxides are preferable also because their chemical stability can beimproved by replacing a part of cobalt, nickel or manganese in thelithium transition metal composite oxide with other metal such as Al,Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga or Zr. Thesepositive-electrode active materials can be used either as a single kindor as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combination and in anyratio.

The positive electrode of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondarybattery of the present invention can be produced according to a knownmethod. Concretely, for example, the positive electrode can be producedusing the above-mentioned positive-electrode active material combinedwith binder, electroconductor or the like, directly by roll-molding intoa sheet electrode, by compression-molding into a pellet electrode, bymeans of forming a positive-electrode active material layer applying theactive material on a current collector for a positive-electrode(hereinafter, referred to as “positive-electrode current collector” asappropriate) (coating method), or by means of forming a thin layer(positive-electrode active material layer) containing the abovepositive-electrode active material on the positive-electrode currentcollector by vapor deposition, spattering, plating or the like. Usually,it is produced by a coating method to form a positive-electrode activematerial layer.

When by a coating method, the above positive-electrode active materialis mixed with, for example, binder, thickener, electroconductor, solventor the like to be made into the form of slurry. Then the slurry isapplied to the positive-electrode current collector, dried and pressedto increase its density, thereby the positive-electrode active materiallayer being formed on the positive-electrode current collector.

Examples of the material of positive-electrode current collector includealuminum, titanium, tantalum and alloys containing one or more of thesemetals. Of these, aluminum and its alloys are preferable.

The thickness of the positive-electrode current collector is usually 1μm or larger, preferably 5 μm or larger, and usually 100 μm or smaller,preferably 50 μm or smaller. When the positive-electrode currentcollector is too thick, the capacity of the entire battery may becometoo low. On the other hand, when it is too thin, its handling issometimes difficult.

In order to increase the bindability of the positive-electrode currentcollector to the positive-electrode active material layer formedthereon, it is preferable that the surface of the positive-electrodecurrent collector is subjected to roughening procedure in advance.Examples of the surface roughening methods include: blasting procedure;rolling with a rough-surfaced roll; mechanical polishing in which thecollector surface is polished with such means as an abrasive cloth orabrasive paper onto which abradant particles are adhered, a whetstone,an emery buff and a wire brush equipped with steel wire;electropolishing; and chemical polishing.

In order to decrease the weight of the positive-electrode currentcollector and increase energy density of the battery per unit weight, itis also possible to use a perforated-type positive-electrode currentcollector such as an expanded metal or a punched metal. This type ofpositive-electrode current collector is freely adjustable in its weightby means of adjusting its ratio of perforation. Besides, when thepositive-electrode active material layers are formed on both sides ofthis perforated-type of positive-electrode current collector, thepositive-electrode active material layers are riveted at theseperforations and therefore become more resistant to exfoliation.However, if the ratio of perforation is too high, the bond strength mayrather decrease because the contact area between the positive-electrodeactive material layer and the positive-electrode current collectorbecomes too small.

Usually, an electroconductor is included in the positive-electrodeactive material layer in order to increase conductivity. There is nospecial limitation on the kind of the electroconductor used. Concreteexamples thereof are metallic materials, such as copper and nickel, andcarbonaceous material, e.g. graphite such as natural graphite andartificial graphite, carbon black such as acetylene black and amorphouscarbon like needle coke. These materials can be used either as a singlekind or as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combination and in anyratio.

The content of the electroconductor in the positive-electrode activematerial layer is usually 0.01 weight % or higher, preferably 0.1 weight% or higher, more preferably 1 weight % or higher, and usually 50 weight% or lower, preferably 30 weight % or lower, more preferably 15 weight %or lower. When the content is too low, conductivity may be inadequate.When it is too high, capacity of the battery may decrease.

As binder to be used for the preparation of the positive-electrodeactive material layer, any such material can be used in the case ofcoating insofar as it is stable in the liquid medium to be used at thetime of electrode preparation. Concrete examples thereof are: resinpolymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, polymethyl metacrylate, aromatic polyamide, cellulose andnitrocellulose; rubber-type polymers such as SBR (styrene butadienerubber), NBR (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), fluorinated rubber,isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber and ethylene propylene rubber;thermoplastic elastomer-type polymers such as styrene-butadiene-styreneblock copolymer and its hydrogenated products, EPDM(ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer), styrene ethylene butadieneethylene copolymer, styrene isoprene styrene block copolymer and itshydrogenated products; soft resin polymers such assyndiotactic-1,2-polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene vinylacetate copolymer and propylene α-olefin copolymer; fluorinated polymerssuch as polyfluorinated vinylidene, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinatedpolyfluorovinylidene and polytetrafluoroethylene ethylene copolymer; andhigh molecular composite materials having ionic conductivity for alkalimetal ion (especially lithium ion). These materials can be used eitheras a single kind or as a mixture of two or more kinds in any combinationand in any ratio.

The content of the binder in the positive-electrode active materiallayer is usually 0.1 weight % or higher, preferably 1 weight % orhigher, more preferably 5 weight % or higher, and usually 80 weight % orlower, preferably 60 weight % or lower, more preferably 40 weight % orlower, most preferably 10 weight % or lower. When the content of thebinder is too low, the positive-electrode active material can not beadequately retained and mechanical strength of the positive electrodemay decrease, leading to deterioration of battery characteristics suchas cycle performance. When the content is too high, the battery capacityand conductivity may deteriorate.

As liquid medium for preparing the slurry, any solvent can be usedinsofar as it can dissolve or disperse positive-electrode activematerial, electroconductor, binder and, as needed, thickener. Either anaqueous solvent or organic solvent can be used.

Examples of the aqueous solvent include water, and mixture of water andalcohol. Examples of the organic solvent include: aliphatic hydrocarbonssuch as hexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xyleneand methylnaphthalene; heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline andpyridine; ketones such as acetone, methylethyl ketone and cyclohexanone;esters such as methyl acetate and methyl acrylate; amines such asdiethylene triamine and N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine; ethers such asdiethyl ether, propylene oxide and tetrahydrofuran (THF); amides such asN-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide; andnon-protonic polar solvents such as hexamethylphosphoramide anddimethylsulfoxide.

Especially when an aqueous solvent is used, it is preferable to preparethe slurry using a thickener and latex such as styrene butadiene rubber(SBR). A thickener is usually used to adjust the viscosity of theslurry. There is no limitation on the kind of the thickner. Concreteexamples thereof include carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose,hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidizedstarch, phosphorylated starch, casein, and salts of these compounds.These can be used either as a single kind or as a mixture of two or morekinds in any combination and in any ratio. When a thickener is used, theproportion of the thickener in the active material is usually 0.1 weight% or higher, preferably 0.5 weight % or higher, more preferably 0.6weight % or higher, and usually 5 weight % or lower, preferably 3 weight% or lower, more preferably 2 weight % or lower. When the proportion isbelow the above range, the coatability may extremely decrease. When theproportion exceeds the above range, the ratio of the active material inthe positive-electrode active material layer decreases and there is apossibility that the battery capacity decreases and the resistance inthe positive-electrode active materials becomes large.

No particular limitation is imposed on the viscosity of the slurry,insofar as the slurry can be applied on the current collector. Theamount of the solvent used at the time of slurry preparation can beadjusted appropriately to give a suitable viscosity for application.

The slurry obtained is applied on the above positive-electrode currentcollector, and after drying and pressing, the negative-electrode activematerial layer [SIC] is formed. No particular limitation is imposed onthe method of application and per se known methods can be used. Noparticular limitation is imposed on the method of drying either, andknown methods such as air drying, heated drying and reduced-pressuredrying can be used.

It is preferable that the positive-electrode active material layer,obtained through the coating and drying, is subjected to consolidationprocess by such means as hand pressing or roller pressing, in order toincrease packing density of the positive-electrode active material.

The density of the positive-electrode active material is preferably 1.5g·cm⁻³ or higher, more preferably 2 g·cm⁻³ or higher, still morepreferably 2.2 g·cm⁻³ or higher, and preferably 3.5 g·cm⁻³ or lower,more preferably 3 g·cm⁻³ or lower, still more preferably 2.8 g·cm⁻³ orlower. When the density exceeds the above-mentioned upper limit, adecrease in immersibility of the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte near theinterface between the current collector/active material may occur anddeterioration in charge-discharge characteristic under high currentdensities may result. When the density is below the above range, theconductivity in the active material may decrease and the batteryresistance may increase.

[II-5. Separator]

Usually, a separator is installed between the positive electrode and thenegative electrode to prevent short circuit. In the case, thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention is usually usedin such a way that the separator is impregnated with this liquidelectrolyte.

There is no special limitation on the material or shape of theseparator. Any known ones can be used, insofar as the advantage of thepresent invention is not significantly impaired. It is particularlypreferable to use a porous sheet or non-woven fabric, with goodwater-retaining characteristics, which is made of material stable in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of the present invention.

Examples of the materials of the separator include: polyolefins such aspolyethylene and polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone and glass filter. Of these materials, preferable are glassfilter and polyolefin. Particularly preferable is polyolefin. Thesematerials can be used either as a single kind or as a mixture of two ormore kinds in any combination and in any ratio.

No particular limitation is imposed on the thickness of the separator.It is usually 1 μm or larger, preferably 5 μm or larger, more preferably10 μm or larger, and usually 50 μm or smaller, preferably 40 μm orsmaller, more preferably 30 μm or smaller. When the separator is toothin, the insulation property and mechanical strength may deteriorate.When it is too thick, battery characteristics such as ratecharacteristics may deteriorate and also energy density of the entirenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery may decrease.

When porous material such as porous sheet or non-woven fabric is used asseparator, there is no special limitation on the porosity of theseparator. It is usually 20% or larger, preferably 35% or larger, morepreferably 45% or larger, and usually 90% or smaller, preferably 85% orsmaller, more preferably 75% or smaller. When the porosity is too small,the membrane resistance may become large and the rate characteristicstend to deteriorate. When it is too large, mechanical strength of theseparator tend to decrease, leading possibly to poor insulationproperty.

No particular limitation is imposed on the average pore diameter of theseparator, either. It is usually 0.5 μm or smaller, preferably 0.2 μm orsmaller, and usually 0.05 μm or larger. When the average pore diameteris too large, short circuit is liable to occur. When it is too small,the membrane resistance may become large and the rate characteristicsmay deteriorate.

[II-6. Outer Package]

The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery of the presentinvention is usually constituted by storing the above non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte, negative electrode, positive electrode and separator or thelike in an outer package. There is no special limitation on this outerpackage and any known one can be used insofar as the advantageous effectof the present invention is not significantly impaired.

Concretely, there is no special limitation on the material of the outerpackage. Usually, nickel-plated iron, stainless steel, aluminum and itsalloys, nickel and titanium are used, for example.

There is no limitation on the shape of the outer package, either. Theshape may be cylindrical, prismatic, laminated, coin-like or large-sizetype.

Example

The present invention will be explained in further detail belowreferring to examples. It is to be understood that the present inventionis by no means limited to these examples insofar as it does not departfrom the scope of the invention.

Example Comparative Example Group A: Examples A1 to A34 and ComparativeExamples A1 to A10

Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary batteries were assembled by thefollowing procedure and their performances were evaluated. The resultsare shown in Tables 1 to 4.

[Preparation of Negative Electrode]

Preparation of Silicon Alloy Negative Electrode Examples A1 to A34 andComparative Examples A1 to A4 and A10>

Negative-electrode active material used were 73.2 weight parts ofsilicon, which is a non-carbonaceous material, 8.1 weight parts ofcopper and 12.2 weight parts of artificial graphite powder (commercialname: “KS-6”, manufactured by Timcal Co.). To the mixture were added54.2 weight parts of N-methylpyrrolidone solution, containing 12 weightparts of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (hereafter abbreviated as “PVDF”),and 50 weight parts of N-methylpyrrolidone, and the mixture was madeinto slurry using a disperser. The slurry obtained was coated uniformlyonto a copper foil of 18 μm thickness, which is a negative-electrodecurrent collector. The coated film was first air-dried and finallyreduced pressure-dried overnight at 85° C. And then, it was pressed togive an electrode density of about 1.5 g·cm⁻³. Then, a disk of 12.5 mmdiameter was stamped out to prepare the negative electrode (siliconalloy negative electrode).

Preparation of Graphite Negative Electrode Comparative Examples A5 toA9>

Negative-electrode active material used was 100 weight parts ofartificial graphite powder (commercial name: “KS-6”, manufactured byTimcal Co.). To this were added 83.5 weight parts of N-methylpyrrolidonesolution, containing 12 weight parts of PVDF, and 50 weight parts ofN-methylpyrrolidone, and the mixture was made into slurry using adisperser. The slurry obtained was coated uniformly onto a copper foilof 18 μm thickness, which is a negative-electrode current collector. Thecoated film was first air-dried and finally reduced pressure-driedovernight at 85° C. And then, it was pressed to give an electrodedensity of about 1.5 g·cm⁻³. Then, a disk of 12.5 mm diameter waspunched out to prepare the negative electrode (graphite negativeelectrode).

[Preparation of Positive Electrode]

Positive-electrode active material used was 85 weight parts of LiCoO₂(“C5”, manufactured by NIPPON CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.). To thiswere added 6 weight parts of carbon black (commercial name: “DenkaBlack”, manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha) and 9weight parts of poly(vinylidene fluoride) KF-1000 (commercial name:“KF-1000”, manufactured by KUREHA CORPORATION). After mixing, themixture was dispersed into slurry using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Theslurry obtained was coated uniformly onto an aluminum foil of 20 μmthickness, which is the positive-electrode current collector, so thatits amount represents 90% of the theoretical capacity of the negativeelectrode. After drying at 100° C. for 12 hours, a disk of 12.5 mmdiameter was stamped out to prepare the positive electrode.

[Preparation of Non-Aqueous Liquid Electrolyte]

Compounds of [Specific carbonate], [Other compound], [First lithiumsalt] and [Second lithium salt] described in each [Example] and[Comparative Example] of Tables 1 to 4 appearing later were mixed in aratio specified in each column of the Tables, thereby to prepare thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte (non-aqueous liquid electrolyte ofExamples A1 to A34 and Comparative Examples A1 to A10).

In the column of [Specific carbonate], the following abbreviations areused.

FEC: fluoroethylene carbonate

VC: vinylene carbonate

VEC: vinylethylene carbonate

EC: ethylene carbonate

DEC: diethyl carbonate

[Preparation of Coin-Type Cell]

By using the above-mentioned positive electrode and negative electrode,and each non-aqueous liquid electrolyte prepared by the above-mentionedprocedures (non-aqueous liquid electrolytes of Examples A1 to A34 andComparative Examples A1 to A10), the coin-type cells (non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary batteries of Examples A1 to A34 and ComparativeExamples A1 to A10) were prepared by the following procedure. Namely,the positive electrode was installed in a stainless steel can body whichalso functions as positive-electrode current collector, and onto it, thenegative electrode was placed with a separator, made of polyethylene andimpregnated with the liquid electrolyte, interposed therebetween. Thenthe can body was sealed by caulking with a sealing pad, which alsofunctions as negative-electrode current collector, with a gasket forinsulation interposed therebetween, thereby the coin-type cell beingprepared. As negative electrode, the above-mentioned silicon alloynegative electrode or graphite negative electrode was selected and used,according to the description of [Negative electrode] column in each[Example] and [Comparative Example] of Tables 1 to 4 appearing later.

[Evaluation of Coin-Type Cell (Discharge Capacity and Discharge CapacityRetention Rate)]

For the coin-type cells obtained by the above procedure (non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples A1 to A34 andComparative Examples A1 to A10), the discharge capacity and dischargecapacity retention rate were evaluated by the following procedure.Namely, each coin-type cell was first charged with constant current andconstant voltage at the charge termination voltage of 4.2V-3 mA and atthe charge termination current of 0.15 μA, and then discharged withconstant current at the discharge termination voltage of 3.0V-3 mA. Thischarge-discharge cycle was repeated 50 times. In the 50 cycles,discharge capacities were measured at the 1st and 10th cycles. Dischargecapacity retention rate at each cycles was calculated according to thefollowing formula.Discharge capacity retention rate (%)=100*(discharge capacity at the10th cycle)/(discharge capacity at the 1st cycle)  [Mathematical Formula1]

Discharge capacities at the 1st and 10th cycles and discharge capacityretention rate (%) obtained for the coin-type cell of each Examples andComparative Examples are shown in the column of [Evaluation of the cell]of Tables 1 to 4 below. Each value of the discharge capacities shown inTables 1 to 4 indicates capacity per unit weight of thenegative-electrode active material (mAh·g⁻¹). “Wt %” indicates “weight%”.

TABLE 1 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific First Second Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negativecarbonate Other compound lithium salt lithium salt 1st cycle 10th cycleretention electrode (Mixing ratio) (Mixing ratio) (Concentration)(Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹) rate (%) Example Silicon FECEC + DEC LiPF₆ LiBF₂(C₂O₄) 635 572 90.1 A1 alloy (5 wt %) (22 wt % + 73wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC EC + DEC LiPF₆LiBF₂(C₂O₄) 638 567 88.9 A2 alloy (5 wt %) (22 wt % + 73 wt %) (1 mol/l)(0.05 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC DEC LiPF₆ LiBF₂(C₂O₄) 637 601 94.4 A3alloy (40 wt %) (60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC DECLiPF₆ + LiBF₄ LiBF₂(C₂O₄) 634 600 94.7 A4 alloy (40 wt %) (60 wt %) (0.5mol/l + (0.1 mol/l) 0.5 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC EC + DEC LiPF₆LiBF₂(C₂O₄) 633 586 92.6 A5 alloy (11 wt %) (21 wt % + 68 wt %) (1mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon VC EC + DEC LiPF₆ LiBF₂(C₂O₄) 622 52283.9 A6 alloy (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) ExampleSilicon FEC + VC DEC LiPF₆ LiBF₂(C₂O₄) 645 607 94.8 A7 alloy (39 wt % +2 wt %) (59 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC + VEC DECLiPF₆ LiBF₂(C₂O₄) 642 605 94.2 A8 alloy (39 wt % + 2 wt %) (59 wt %) (1mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC EC + DEC LiPF₆ LiB(OCOCF₃)₄ 633568 89.7 A9 alloy (5 wt %) (22 wt % + 73 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.01 mol/l)Example Silicon FEC DEC LiPF₆ LiB(OCOCF₃)₄ 638 600 94.0 A10 alloy (40 wt%) (60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.01 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC + VC DEC LiPF₆LiB(OCOCF₃)₄ 636 602 94.6 A11 alloy (39 wt % + 2 wt %) (59 wt %) (1mol/l) (0.01 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC EC + DEC LiPF₆ LiB(SO₂CF₃)₄ 629563 89.5 A12 alloy (5 wt %) (22 wt % + 73 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l)

TABLE 2 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific Second Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative carbonateOther compound First lithium salt lithium salt 1st cycle 10th cycleretention electrode (Mixing ratio) (Mixing ratio) (Concentration)(Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹) rate (%) Example Silicon FEC DECLiPF₆ LiB(SO₂CF₃)₄ 633 594 93.8 A13 alloy (40 wt %) (60 wt %) (1 mol/l)(0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC + VC DEC LiPF₆ LiB(SO₂CF₃)₄ 637 601 94.4A14 alloy (39 wt % + 2 wt %) (59 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) ExampleSilicon FEC EC + DEC LiPF₆ LiPF₄(C₂O₄) 632 564 89.3 A15 alloy (5 wt %)(22 wt % + 73 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC DEC LiPF₆LiPF₄(C₂O₄) 639 602 94.2 A16 alloy (40 wt %) (60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1mol/l) Example Silicon FEC + VC DEC LiPF₆ LiPF₄(C₂O₄) 640 605 94.6 A17alloy (39 wt % + 2 wt %) (59 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example SiliconFEC EC + DEC LiPF₆ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 632 569 90.0 A18 alloy (5 wt %) (22 wt% + 73 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC EC + DEC LiPF₆LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 640 566 88.4 A19 alloy (5 wt %) (22 wt % + 73 wt %) (1mol/l) (0.05 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC DEC LiPF₆ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 642 60794.6 A20 alloy (40 wt %) (60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example SiliconFEC DEC LiPF₆ + LiBF₄ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 637 604 94.8 A21 alloy (40 wt %) (60wt %) (0.5 mol/l + (0.1 mol/l) 0.5 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC EC + DECLiPF₆ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 636 590 92.8 A22 alloy (11 wt %) (21 wt % + 68 wt %)(1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon VC EC + DEC LiPF₆ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 630530 84.1 A23 alloy (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l)Example Silicon FEC + VC DEC LiPF₆ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 646 611 94.9 A24 alloy(39 wt % + 2 wt %) (59 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l)

TABLE 3 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell FirstSecond Capacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other lithium salt lithiumsalt at 1st at 10th capacity Negative carbonate compound (Concen-(Concen- cycle cycle retention electrode (Mixing ratio) (Mixing ratio)tration) tration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹) rate (%) Example Silicon FEC +VEC DEC LiPF₆ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 644 607 94.2 A25 alloy (39 wt % + 2 wt %) (59wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC EC + DEC LiPF₆LiN(SO₂C₂F₅)₂ 629 563 89.5 A26 alloy (5 wt %) (22 wt % + 73 wt %) (1mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC DEC LiPF₆ LiN(SO₂C₂F₅)₂ 632 59494.0 A27 alloy (40 wt %) (60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example SiliconFEC + VC DEC LiPF₆ LiN(SO₂C₂F₅)₂ 636 602 94.5 A28 alloy (39 wt % + 2 wt%) (59 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC EC + DEC LiPF₆LiC(SO₂CF₃)₃ 628 566 90.2 A29 alloy (5 wt %) (22 wt % + 73 wt %) (1mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC DEC LiPF₆ LiC(SO₂CF₃)₃ 633 59694.2 A30 alloy (40 wt %) (60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example SiliconFEC + VC DEC LiPF₆ LiC(SO₂CF₃)₃ 638 603 94.5 A31 alloy (39 wt % + 2 wt%) (59 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC EC + DEC LiPF₆LiSO₃CF₃ 630 563 89.3 A32 alloy (5 wt %) (22 wt % + 73 wt %) (1 mol/l)(0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC DEC LiPF₆ LiSO₃CF₃ 635 598 94.2 A33alloy (40 wt %) (60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) Example Silicon FEC + VCDEC LiPF₆ LiSO₃CF₃ 640 605 94.5 A34 alloy (39 wt % + 2 wt %) (59 wt %)(1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l)

TABLE 4 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell FirstSecond Capacity Capacity Discharge Specific lithium salt lithium salt at1st at 10th capacity Negative carbonate Other compound (Concen- (Concen-cycle cycle retention electrode (Mixing ratio) (Mixing ratio) tration)tration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹) rate (%) Comparative Silicon FEC EC +DEC LiPF₆ none 615 494 80.3 Example alloy (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 60 wt %)(1 mol/l) A1 Comparative Silicon VC EC + DEC LiPF₆ none 611 455 74.5Example alloy (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 60 wt %) (1 mol/l) A2 ComparativeSilicon none EC + DEC LiPF₆ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 600 336 56.0 Example alloy (37wt % + 63 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) A3 Comparative Silicon none EC +DEC LiPF₆ none 601 341 56.7 Example alloy (37 wt % + 63 wt %) (1 mol/l)A4 Comparative Graphite none EC + DEC LiPF₆ none 338 274 81.1 Example(37 wt % + 63 wt %) (1 mol/l) A5 Comparative Graphite none EC + DECLiPF₆ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 333 276 83.0 Example (37 wt % + 63 wt %) (1 mol/l)(0.1 mol/l) A6 Comparative Graphite VC EC + DEC LiPF₆ none 342 301 88.0Example (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 60 wt %) (1 mol/l) A7 Comparative GraphiteFEC EC + DEC LiPF₆ LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 332 247 74.4 Example (5 wt %) (35 wt % +60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) A8 Comparative Graphite FEC DEC LiPF₆LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ 330 224 67.8 Example (40 wt %) (80 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1mol/l) A9 Comparative Silicon FEC EC +DEC LiPF₆ LiB(C₂O₄)₂ 598 437 73.1Example alloy (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 60 wt %) (1 mol/l) (0.1 mol/l) A10

The results shown in Tables 1 to 4 above indicate the following.

In Examples A1 to A34, where non-aqueous liquid electrolyte containingthe first and second lithium salts (specific compound (A)) and thespecific carbonate was used, the discharge capacity retention rate isimproved remarkably in comparison with Comparative Example A4, wherenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte containing neither the specific compound(A) nor the specific carbonate was used.

In contrast, in Comparative Example A3, where non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte containing only the first and second lithium salts (specificcompound (A)) and no specific carbonate was used, the capacity retentionrate is not improved in comparison with Comparative Example A4. On thecontrary, the capacity retentions of Comparative Examples A1 and A2,where non-aqueous liquid electrolyte containing only the first lithiumsalt and the specific carbonate and no second lithium salt was used, areimproved but still far inferior to those of Examples A1 to A34.

On the other hand, in Comparative Examples A5 to A9, only carbonmaterial was used as negative-electrode active material. The non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of Comparative Example A5 contained no second lithiumsalt or specific carbonate. The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte ofComparative Example A6 contained only the first and the second lithiumsalts (specific compound (A)). The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte ofComparative Example A7 contained only the first lithium salt and thespecific carbonate. The non-aqueous liquid electrolytes of ComparativeExamples A8 and A9 contained the first and the second lithium salts(specific compound (A)) and the specific carbonate.

In Examples A1 to A34, where the negative-electrode active material wassilicon alloy, the discharge capacity is high in comparison withComparative Examples A5 to A9, where the negative-electrode activematerial consisted only of carbon material. When the negative-electrodeactive material was carbon material, comparison among ComparativeExamples A5 to A9 indicates improvement in discharge capacity retentionrate due to that the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte contained thespecific carbonate, but the effect due to containing only the first andthe second lithium salts (specific compound (A)) or the synergisticeffect due to containing both the first and the second lithium salts(specific compound (A)) and the specific carbonate is not recognized.

In Comparative Example A10, where LiB(C₂O₄)₂ is contained in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte in place of the second lithium salt, nobetter improvement effect of discharge capacity retention rate was notexhibited than in Examples A1 to A34. The reason is not clear, but it isinferred that the use of LiB(C₂O₄)₂ causes formation of protective layeron the electrode and it rises the resistance.

Example Comparative Example Group B: Examples B1 to B26 and ComparativeExamples B1 to B9

Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary batteries were assembled by thefollowing procedure and their performances were evaluated. The resultsare shown in Tables 5 to 8.

[Preparation of Negative Electrode]

Preparation of Silicon Alloy Negative Electrode Examples B1 to B26 andComparative Examples B1 to B4>

The silicon alloy negative electrode was prepared by the same method asdescribed in the section <Preparation of silicon alloy negativeelectrode> of the above-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

Preparation of Graphite Negative Electrode Comparative Examples B5 toB9>

The graphite negative electrode was prepared by the same method asdescribed in the section <Preparation of graphite negative electrode> ofthe above-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

[Preparation of Positive Electrode]

The positive electrode was prepared by the same method as described inthe section <Preparation of positive electrode> of the above-mentioned[Example•Comparative Example Group A].

[Preparation of Non-Aqueous Liquid Electrolyte]

Compounds of [Specific carbonate], [Other compound] and [Specificcompound (B)] described in each [Example] and [Comparative Example] ofTables 5 to 8 appearing later were mixed in a ratio specified in eachcolumn of the Tables. LiPF₆ was dissolved further as electrolyte salt ata concentration of 1 mol·dm⁻³ to prepare the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte (non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of Examples B1 to B26 andComparative Examples B1 to B9).

[Preparation of Coin-Type Cell]

By using the above-mentioned positive electrode and negative electrode,and the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte prepared by the above-mentionedprocedure, the coin-type cells (non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondarybatteries of Examples B1 to B26 and Comparative Examples B1 to B9) wereprepared by the same procedure as described in [Preparation of coin-typecell] of the above-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A]. Asnegative electrode, the above-mentioned silicon alloy negative electrodeor graphite negative electrode was selected and used, according to thedescription of [Negative electrode] column in each [Example] and[Comparative Example] of Tables 5 to 8 appearing later.

[Evaluation of Coin-Type Cell (Discharge Capacity and Discharge CapacityRetention Rate)]

For the coin-type cells obtained by the above procedure (non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples B1 to B26 andComparative Examples B1 to B9), the discharge capacity and dischargecapacity retention rate were evaluated by the same procedure asdescribed in [Preparation of coin-type cell] [SIC] of theabove-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

Discharge capacities at the 1st and 10th cycles and discharge capacityretention rate (%) obtained for the coin-type cell of each Example andComparative Example are shown in the column of [Evaluation of the cell]of Tables 5 to 8 below. Each value of the discharge capacities shown inTables 5 to 8 indicates capacity per unit weight of negative-electrodeactive material (mAh·g⁻¹). “wt %” indicates “weight %”.

TABLE 5 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative Specific carbonateOther compound compound (B) 1st cycle 10th cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example B1 Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Succinic635 584 92.0 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate anhydride (5 wt %) (34 wt% + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example B2 Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Succinic 636 584 91.8 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonateanhydride (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) Example B3 SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Succinic 636 601 94.5 alloy carbonate(59 wt %) anhydride (39 wt %) (2 wt %) Example B4 Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Succinic 637 599 94.1 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate anhydride (20 wt %) (17.5 wt % + 60.5 wt %) (2 wt %) ExampleB5 Silicon Vinylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate + Succinic 630 570 90.5alloy (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonate anhydride (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %)Example B6 Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Succinic 640 60995.2 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %) anhydride Vinylene carbonate (2 wt %)(38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example B7 Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateSuccinic 640 607 94.8 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %) anhydrideVinylethylene (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example B8 SiliconDifluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Succinic 639 588 92.0 alloycarbonate (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonate anhydride (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt%) Example B9 Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Maleic 635 57790.9 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate anhydride (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59wt %) (2 wt %)

TABLE 6 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific Specific Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative carbonateOther compound compound (B) 1st cycle 10th cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Malaic 638 59893.7 B10 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) anhydride (39 wt %) (2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Malaic 638 600 94.0 B11 alloycarbonate + (58 wt %) anhydride Vinylene carbonate (2 wt %) (38 wt % + 2wt %) Example Silicon Difluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Malaic 640582 90.9 B12 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate anhydride (5 wt %) (34 wt% + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Itaconic acid 629 572 90.9 B13 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate anhydride (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Itaconic acid 638 595 93.3 B14alloy carbonate (59 wt %) anhydride (39 wt %) (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Itaconic acid 640 603 94.2 B15 alloycarbonate + (58 wt %) anhydride Vinylene carbonate (2 wt %) (38 wt % + 2wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Phthalic 638574 90.0 B16 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate anhydride (5 wt %) (34 wt% + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Phthalic 639 592 92.6 B17 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonateanhydride (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Phthalic 637 596 93.8 B18 alloycarbonate (59 wt %) anhydride (39 wt %) (2 wt %)

TABLE 7 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific Specific Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative carbonateOther compound compound (B) 1st cycle 10th cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + 4,4,5,5-637 573 90.0 B19 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate tetrafluorosuccinic(5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) acid anhydride (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + 4,4,5,5- 640 588 91.9 B20 alloycarbonate Diethyl carbonate tetrafluorosuccinic (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % +59.5 wt %) acid anhydride (1 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneDiethyl carbonate 4,4,5,5- 640 589 92.0 B21 alloy carbonate (59 wt %)tetrafluorosuccinic (39 wt %) acid anhydride (2 wt %) Example SiliconDifluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + 4,4,5,5- 636 576 90.5 B22 alloycarbonate Diethyl carbonate tetrafluorosuccinic (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59wt %) acid anhydride (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + diglycolic acid 635 564 88.8 B23 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate anhydride (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + diglycolic acid 637 579 90.9B24 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate anhydride (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % +59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonatediglycolic acid 639 581 90.9 B25 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) anhydride (39wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Difluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +diglycolic acid 642 584 91.0 B26 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonateanhydride (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %)

TABLE 8 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (B) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Comparative Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +none 615 494 80.3 Example B1 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate (5 wt %)(35 wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Silicon Vinylene carbonate Ethylenecarbonate + none 611 455 74.5 Example B2 alloy (5 wt %) Diethylcarbonate (35 wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylenecarbonate + Succinic 610 356 58.4 Example B3 alloy Diethyl carbonateanhydride (36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylenecarbonate + none 601 341 56.7 Example B4 alloy Diethyl carbonate (37 wt% + 63 wt %) Comparative Graphite Vinylene carbonate Ethylenecarbonate + none 342 301 88.0 Example B5 (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonate (35wt% + 60 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylene carbonate + Succinic340 276 81.2 Example B6 Diethyl carbonate anhydride (36 wt % + 62 wt %)(2 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylene carbonate + none 338 27481.1 Example B7 Diethyl carbonate (37 wt % + 63 wt %) ComparativeGraphite Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Succinic 336 252 75.0Example B8 carbonate Diethyl carbonate anhydride (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateSuccinic 333 234 70.3 Example B9 carbonate (59 wt %) anhydride (39 wt %)(2 wt %)

The results shown in Tables 5 to 8 above indicate the following.

In Examples B1 to B26, where the specific compound (B) and the specificcarbonate were contained, the discharge capacity retention rate isimproved remarkably in comparison with Comparative Example B4, whereneither the specific compound (B) nor the specific carbonate wascontained.

In contrast, in Comparative Example B3, where only the specific compound(B) was contained, the discharge capacity retention rate is not improvedin comparison with to Comparative Example B4. On the contrary, thedischarge capacity retention rates of Comparative Examples B1 and B2,where only the specific carbonate was contained, are improved but stillfar inferior to those of Examples B1 to B26.

On the other hand, in Comparative Examples B5 to B9, only carbonmaterial was used as negative-electrode active material. The non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of Comparative Example B7 contained no specificcompound (B) or specific carbonate. The non-aqueous liquid electrolyteof Comparative Example B6 contained only the specific compound (B). Thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte of Comparative Example B5 contained onlythe specific carbonate. The non-aqueous liquid electrolytes ofComparative Examples B8 and B9 contained the specific compound (B) andthe specific carbonate.

In Examples B1 to B26, where the negative-electrode active material wassilicon alloy, the discharge capacity is high in comparison withComparative Examples B5 to B9, where the negative-electrode activematerial consisted only of carbon material. When the negative-electrodeactive material was only carbon material, comparison among ComparativeExamples B7, B5, B6, B8 and B9 indicates improvement in dischargecapacity retention rate due to that the non-aqueous liquid electrolytecontained the specific carbonate, but the effect due to containing onlythe specific compound (B) or the synergistic effect due to containingboth the specific compound (B) and the specific carbonate is notrecognized.

Example Comparative Example Group C: Examples C1 to C95 and ComparativeExamples C1 to C33

Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary batteries were assembled by thefollowing procedure and their performances were evaluated. The resultsare shown in Tables 9 to 23.

[Preparation of Negative Electrode]

Preparation of Silicon Alloy Negative Electrode Examples C1 to C95 andComparative Examples C1 to C10>

The silicon alloy negative electrode was prepared by the same method asdescribed in the section <Preparation of silicon alloy negativeelectrode> of the above-mentioned [Example Comparative Example Group A].

Preparation of Graphite Negative Electrode Comparative Examples C11 toC33>

The graphite negative electrode was prepared by the same method asdescribed in the section <Preparation of graphite negative electrode> ofthe above-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

[Preparation of Positive Electrode]

The positive electrode was prepared by the same method as described inthe section <Preparation of positive electrode> of the above-mentioned[Example•Comparative Example Group A].

[Preparation of Non-Aqueous Liquid Electrolyte]

Compounds of [Specific carbonate], [Other compound] and [Specificcompound (C)] described in each [Example] and [Comparative Example] ofTables 9 to 23 appearing later were mixed in a ratio specified in eachcolumn of the Tables. LiPF₆ was dissolved further as electrolyte salt ata concentration of 1 mol·dm⁻³ to prepare the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte (non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of Examples C1 to C95 andComparative Examples C1 to C33).

[Preparation of Coin-Type Cell]

By using the above-mentioned positive electrode and negative electrode,and the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte prepared by the above-mentionedprocedure, the coin-type cells (non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondarybatteries of Examples C1 to C95 and Comparative Examples C1 to C33) wereprepared by the same procedure as described in [Preparation of coin-typecell] of the above-mentioned [Example Comparative Example Group A]. Asnegative electrode, the above-mentioned silicon alloy negative electrodeor graphite negative electrode was selected and used, according to thedescription of [Negative electrode] column in each [Example] and[Comparative Example] of Tables 9 to 23 appearing later.

[Evaluation of Coin-Type Cell (Discharge Capacity and Discharge CapacityRetention Rate)]

For the coin-type cells obtained by the above procedure (non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples C1 to C95 andComparative Examples C1 to C33), the discharge capacity and dischargecapacity retention rate were evaluated by the same procedure asdescribed in [Preparation of coin-type cell] [SIC] of theabove-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

Discharge capacities at the 1st and 10th cycles and discharge capacityretention rate (%) obtained for the coin-type cell of each Examples andComparative Examples are shown in the column of [Evaluation of the cell]of Tables 9 to 23 below. Each value of the discharge capacities shown inTables 9 to 23 indicates capacity per unit weight of negative-electrodeactive material (mAh·g⁻¹). “wt %” indicates “weight %”.

TABLE 9 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Dibutyl 626 567 90.6 C1 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfide (5 wt%) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Dibutyl 629 565 89.8 C2 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatesulfide (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 59.8 wt %) (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dibutyl 634 598 94.3 C3 alloy carbonate(59 wt %) sulfide (39 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Dibutyl 631 585 92.7 C4 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate sulfide (20 wt %) (17.5 wt % + 60.5 wt %) (2 wt %) ExampleSilicon 4,5- Ethylene carbonate + Dibutyl 629 579 92.1 C5 alloydifluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate sulfide carbonate (34 wt% + 59 wt %)(2 wt %) (5 wt %) Example Silicon Vinylene carbonate Ethylenecarbonate + Dibutyl 619 519 83.8 C6 alloy (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonatesulfide (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Dibutyl 639 604 94.5 C7 alloy carbonate + Diethylcarbonate sulfide Vinylethylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % +2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dibutyl 636 59994.2 C8 alloy carbonate + (58wt %) sulfide Vinylethylene (2 wt %)carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Dibutyl 625 564 90.2 C9 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatedisulfide (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %)

TABLE 10 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Dibutyl 627 562 89.6 C10 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate disulfide (5wt %) (35 wt % + 59.8 wt %) (0.2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneDiethyl carbonate Dibutyl 633 595 94.0 C11 alloy carbonate (59 wt %)disulfide (39 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Dibutyl 629 584 92.8 C12 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatedisulfide (20 wt %) (17.5 wt % + 60.5 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon4,5- Ethylene carbonate + Dibutyl 627 575 91.7 C13 alloydifluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate disulfide carbonate (34 wt% + 59 wt%) (2 wt %) (5 wt %) Example Silicon Vinylene carbonate Ethylenecarbonate + Dibutyl 616 520 84.4 C14 alloy (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonatedisulfide (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneDiethyl carbonate Dibutyl 636 603 94.8 C15 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %)disulfide Vinylethylene (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dibutyl 632 597 94.5 C16 alloycarbonate + (58 wt %) disulfide Vinylethylene (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt% + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Dimethyl- 630 578 91.7 C17 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfoxide(5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 625 555 88.8 C18 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate sulfoxide (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 59.8 wt %) (0.2 wt %)

TABLE 11 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dimethyl-636 600 94.3 C19 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) sulfoxide (39 wt %) (2 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 633 56892.6 C20 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfoxide (20 wt %) (17.5 wt% + 60.5 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon 4,5- Ethylene carbonate +Dimethyl- 631 581 92.1 C21 alloy difluoroethylene Diethyl carbonatesulfoxide carbonate (34 wt% + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) (5 wt %) Example SiliconVinylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 619 519 83.8 C22 alloy(5 wt %) Diethyl carbonate sulfoxide (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dimethyl- 642 609 94.9C23 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %) sulfoxide Vinylene (2 wt %) carbonate(38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateDimethyl- 641 602 93.9 C24 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %) sulfoxideVinylethylene (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 631 570 90.3 C25 alloycarbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfone (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 629 55888.7 C26 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfone (5 wt %) (35 wt % +59.8 wt %) (0.2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateDimethyl- 635 602 94.8 C27 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) sulfone (39 wt %)(2 wt %)

TABLE 12 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Dimethyl- 633 587 92.7 C28 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfone (20wt %) (17.5 wt % + 60.5 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon 4,5- Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl- 632 582 92.1 C29 alloy difluoroethylene Diethylcarbonate sulfone carbonate (34 wt% + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) (5 wt %) ExampleSilicon Vinylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 621 521 83.9C30 alloy (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonate sulfone (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dimethyl- 640 60494.4 C31 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %) sulfone Vinylene (2 wt %) carbonate(38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateDimethyl- 638 600 94.0 C32 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %) sulfoneVinylethylene (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 627 566 90.3 C33 alloycarbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfite (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 622 55589.2 C34 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfite (5 wt %) (35 wt % +59.8 wt %) (0.2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateDimethyl- 633 597 94.3 C35 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) sulfite (39 wt %)(2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl-630 583 92.5 C36 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfite (20 wt %)(17.5 wt % + 60.5 wt %) (2 wt %)

TABLE 13 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon 4,5- Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 628577 91.9 C37 alloy difluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate sulfite carbonate(34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) (5 wt %) Example Silicon Vinylene Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl- 620 517 83.4 C38 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatesulfite (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl Dimethyl- 639 608 95.1 C39 alloy carbonate +carbonate sulfite Vinylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Dimethyl- 636 600 94.3 C40alloy carbonate + carbonate sulfite Vinylethylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %)carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Methyl 634 570 89.9 C41 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatemethane- (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) sulfonate (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Methyl 628 558 88.9 C42 alloycarbonate Diethyl carbonate methane- (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 59.8 wt %)sulfonate (0.2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Methyl 638602 94.4 C43 alloy carbonate carbonate methane- (39 wt %) (59 wt %)sulfonate (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Methyl 634 590 93.1 C44 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate methane- (20wt %) (17.5 wt % + 60.5 wt %) sulfonate (2 wt %) Example Silicon 4,5-Ethylene carbonate + Methyl 634 583 92.0 C45 alloy difluoroethyleneDiethyl carbonate methane- carbonate (34 wt % + 59 wt %) sulfonate (5 wt%) (2 wt %)

TABLE 14 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Vinylene Ethylene carbonate + Methyl 619521 84.2 C46 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate methane- (5 wt %) (34 wt% + 59 wt %) sulfonate (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene DiethylMethyl 643 609 94.7 C47 alloy carbonate + carbonate methane- Vinylene(58 wt %) sulfonate carbonate (2 wt %) (38 wt % + 2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Methyl 641 604 94.2 C48 alloy carbonate +carbonate methane- Vinylethylene (58 wt %) sulfonate carbonate (2 wt %)(38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Dimethyl- 631 569 90.2 C49 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfate (5wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 637 560 87.9 C50 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate sulfate (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 59.8 wt %) (0.2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Dimethyl- 636 601 94.5 C51 alloycarbonate carbonate sulfite (39 wt %) (59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 634 591 93.2 C52 alloycarbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfate (20 wt %) (17.5 wt % + 60.5 wt %) (2wt %) Example Silicon 4,5- Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 632 580 91.8C53 alloy difluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate sulfate carbonate (34 wt% + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) (5 wt %) Example Silicon Vinylene Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl- 621 523 84.2 C54 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatesulfate (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %)

TABLE 15 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Dimethyl 642 60994.9 C55 alloy carbonate + carbonate sulfate Vinylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %)carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene DiethylDimethyl 639 604 94.5 C56 alloy carbonate + carbonate sulfateVinylethylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Diphenyl 625 565 94.1 C57alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfide (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %)(2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Diphenyl 632 595 94.1C58 alloy carbonate carbonate sulfide (39 wt %) (59 wt %) (2 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Diphenyl 637 601 94.3 C59 alloycarbonate + carbonate sulfide Vinylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %) carbonate (38wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Diphenyl 623 561 90.0 C60 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate disulfide (5wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneDiethyl Diphenyl 630 593 94.1 C61 alloy carbonate carbonate disulfide(39 wt %) (59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene DiethylDiphenyl 632 599 94.8 C62 alloy carbonate + carbonate disulfide Vinylene(58 wt %) (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Diphenyl 626 560 89.5 C63 alloycarbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfoxide (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt%)

TABLE 16 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Diphenyl 633 59794.3 C64 alloy carbonate carbonate sulfoxide (39 wt %) (59 wt %) (2 wt%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Diphenyl 639 603 94.4 C65alloy carbonate + carbonate sulfoxide Vinylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %)carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Diphenyl 629 562 89.3 C66 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatesulfone (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl Diphenyl 632 595 94.1 C67 alloy carbonatecarbonate sulfone (39 wt %) (59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl Diphenyl 638 601 94.2 C68 alloy carbonate +carbonate sulfone Vinylethylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % +2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Diphenyl 624562 90.1 C69 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfite (5 wt %) (34 wt% + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Diphenyl631 593 94.0 C70 alloy carbonate carbonate sulfite (39 wt %) (59 wt %)(2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Diphenyl 635 599 94.3C71 alloy carbonate + carbonate sulfite Vinylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %)carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Phenyl 632 568 89.9 C72 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatemethane- (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) sulfonate (2 wt %)

TABLE 17 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Phenyl 635 599 94.3C73 alloy carbonate carbonate methane- (39 wt %) (59 wt %) sulfonate (2wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Phenyl 640 605 94.5 C74alloy carbonate + carbonate methane- Vinylene (58 wt %) sulfonatecarbonate (2 wt %) (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + 2,2,2-trifluoro- 634 572 90.2 C75 alloy carbonateDiethyl carbonate ethyl (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) methane- sulfonate(2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl 2,2,2-trifluoro- 637 60194.3 C76 alloy carbonate carbonate ethyl (39 wt %) (59 wt %) methane-sulfonate (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl2,2,2-trifluoro- 642 604 94.1 C77 alloy carbonate + carbonate ethylVinylene (58 wt %) methane- carbonate sulfonate (38 wt % + (2 wt %) 2 wt%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Metyl 2,2,2- 633571 90.2 C78 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate trifluoro- (5 wt %) (34wt % + 59 wt %) ethane- sulfonate (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl Metyl 2,2,2- 636 600 94.3 C79 alloy carbonatecarbonate trifluoro- (39 wt %) (59 wt %) ethane- sulfonate (2 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Metyl 2,2,2- 643 605 94.1 C80alloy carbonate + carbonate trifluoro- Vinylene (58 wt %) ethane-carbonate sulfonate (38 wt % + (2 wt %) 2 wt %)

TABLE 18 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Diphenyl 630 560 89.4 C81 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfate (5wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneDiethyl Diphenyl 632 595 94.1 C82 alloy carbonate carbonate sulfate (39wt %) (59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Diphenyl638 602 94.4 C83 alloy carbonate + carbonate sulfate Vinylene (58 wt %)(2 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Bis(phenylthio)- 624 561 89.9 C84 alloy carbonateDiethyl carbonate methane (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl Bis(phenylthio)- 631 592 93.8 C85 alloycarbonate carbonate methane (39 wt %) (59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl Bis(phenylthio)- 638 600 94.0 C86 alloycarbonate + carbonate methane Vinylene (58 wt %) (2 wt %) carbonate (38wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Busulfan 634 571 90.1 C87 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate (2 wt %) (5wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene DiethylBusulfan 639 602 94.2 C88 alloy carbonate carbonate (2 wt %) (39 wt %)(59 wt %) Example Fluoroethylene Diethyl Busulfan 643 608 94.6 C89carbonate + carbonate (2 wt %) Vinylene (58 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2wt %)

TABLE 19 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +1,4-bis(2,2,2- 633 567 89.6 C90 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatetrifluoroethane (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) sulfonyloxy)- buthane (2 wt%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl 1,4-bis(2,2,2- 635 600 94.5C91 alloy carbonate carbonate trifluoroethane (39 wt %) (59 wt %)sulfonyloxy)- buthane (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl1,4-bis(2,2,2- 642 607 94.5 C92 alloy carbonate + carbonatetrifluoroethane Vinylene (58 wt %) sulfonyloxy)- carbonate buthane (38wt % + (2 wt %) 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + 1,4-bis(2,2,2- 632 568 89.9 C93 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate trifluoroethane (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) sulfonyloxy)-buthane (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +1,4-bis(2,2,2- 636 599 94.2 C94 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatetrifluoroethane (5wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) sulfonyloxy)- buthane (2 wt%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl 1,4-bis(2,2,2- 641 606 94.5C95 alloy carbonate carbonate trifluoroethane (39 wt %) (59 wt %)sulfonyloxy)- buthane (2 wt %)

TABLE 20 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Comparative Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +none 615 494 80.3 Example C1 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate (5 wt %)(35 wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Silicon Vinylene carbonate Ethylenecarbonate + none 611 455 74.5 Example C2 alloy (5 wt %) Diethylcarbonate (35 wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylenecarbonate + Dibutyl 594 328 55.2 Example C3 alloy Diethyl carbonatesulfide (36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylenecarbonate + Dibutyl 592 325 54.9 Example C4 alloy Diethyl carbonatedisulfide (36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl- 593 325 54.8 Example C5 alloy Diethyl carbonatesulfoxide (36 wt% + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl- 595 329 55.3 Example C6 alloy Diethyl carbonatesulfone (36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl- 593 327 55.1 Example C7 alloy Diethyl carbonatesulfite (36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylenecarbonate + Methyl 598 331 55.4 Example C8 alloy Diethyl carbonatemethane- (36 wt % + 62 wt %) sulfonate (2 wt %) Comparative Silicon noneEthylene carbonate + Dimethyl 599 333 55.6 Example C9 alloy Diethylcarbonate sulfate (36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %)

TABLE 21 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Comparative Silicon none Ethylene carbonate + none 601 34156.7 Example C10 alloy Diethyl carbonate (37 wt % + 63 wt %) ComparativeGraphite none Ethylene carbonate + none 338 274 81.1 Example C11 Diethylcarbonate (37 wt % + 63 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylenecarbonate + Dibutyl 326 268 82.2 Example C12 Diethyl carbonate sulfide(36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylenecarbonate + Dibutyl 325 269 82.8 Example C13 Diethyl carbonate disulfide(36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl- 325 262 80.6 Example C14 Diethyl carbonatesulfoxide (36 wt% + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl- 327 272 83.2 Example C15 Diethyl carbonate sulfone(36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl- 328 264 80.5 Example C16 Diethyl carbonate sulfite(36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylenecarbonate + Methyl 332 275 82.8 Example C17 Diethyl carbonate methane-(36 wt % + 62 wt %) sulfonate (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite noneEthylene carbonate + Dimethyl 333 274 82.3 Example C18 Diethyl carbonatesulfate (36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %)

TABLE 22 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell SpecificCapacity Capacity Discharge Specific Other compound at 1st at 10thcapacity Negative carbonate compound (C) cycle cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (m•Ahg⁻¹)(m•Ahg⁻¹) (%) Comparative Graphite Vinylene carbonate Ethylenecarbonate + none 342 301 88.0 Example C19 (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonate (35wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Dibutyl 325 240 73.8 Example C20 carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfide (5wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Dibutyl 323 235 72.8 Example C21 carbonate Diethylcarbonate disulfide (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) ComparativeGraphite Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 323 238 73.7Example C22 carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfoxide (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Dimethyl- 330 242 73.3 Example C23 carbonate Diethyl carbonate sulfone(5 wt %) (34 wt% + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Dimethyl- 325 237 72.9 Example C24 carbonateDiethyl carbonate sulfite (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %)Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Methyl 331 24373.4 Example C25 carbonate Diethyl carbonate methane- (5 wt %) (34 wt% + 59 wt %) sulfonate (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Dimethyl 332 244 73.5 Example C26 carbonate Diethylcarbonate sulfate (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) ComparativeGraphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dibutyl 321 222 69.2 ExampleC27 carbonate (59 wt %) sulfide (39 wt %) (2 wt %) ComparativeFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dibutyl 319 218 68.3 Example C28carbonate (59 wt %) disulfide (39 wt %) (2 wt %)

TABLE 23 Evaluation of the cell Discharge Non-aqueous liquid electrolyteCapacity at capacity Negative Specific carbonate Other compound Specificcompound(C) Capacity at 1st 10th cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) cycle (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh ·g⁻¹) rate (%) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateDimethylsulfoxide 318 218 68.6 Example carbonate (59 wt %) (2 wt %) C29(39 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateDimethylsulfone 322 223 69.3 Example carbonate (59 wt %) (2 wt %) C30(39 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateDimethylsulfite 317 217 68.5 Example carbonate (59 wt %) (2 wt %) C31(39 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Methyl327 220 67.3 Example carbonate (59 wt %) methane aulfonate C32 (39 wt %)(2 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dimethylsulfate 329 221 68.1 Example carbonate (59 wt %) (2 wt %) C33 (39 wt %)

The results shown in Tables 9 to 23 above indicate the following.

In Examples C1 to C95, where non-aqueous liquid electrolyte containingthe specific compound (C) and the specific carbonate was used, thedischarge capacity retention rate is improved remarkably in comparisonwith Comparative Example C10, where non-aqueous liquid electrolytecontaining neither the specific compound (C) nor the specific carbonatewas used.

In contrast, in Comparative Examples C3 to C9, where non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte containing only the specific compound (C) was used, thedischarge capacity retention rate is not improved in comparison withComparative Example C10. The discharge capacity retention rates ofComparative Examples C1 and C2, where non-aqueous liquid electrolytecontaining only the specific carbonate was used, are improved but stillfar inferior to those of Examples C1 to C95.

On the other hand, in Comparative Examples C11 to C33, only carbonmaterial was used as negative-electrode active material. The non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of Comparative Example C11 contained no specificcompound (C) or specific carbonate. The non-aqueous liquid electrolytesof Comparative Examples C12 to C18 contained only the specific compound(C). The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of Comparative Example C19contained only the specific carbonate. The non-aqueous liquidelectrolytes of Comparative Examples C20 to C33 contained the specificcompound (C) and the specific carbonate.

In Examples C1 to C95, where the negative-electrode active material wassilicon alloy, the discharge capacity is high in comparison withComparative Examples C20 to C33, where the negative-electrode activematerial consisted only of carbon material. When the negative-electrodeactive material was only carbon material, comparison among ComparativeExamples C12 to C18, C19, and C20 to C33 indicates improvement indischarge capacity retention rate due to that the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte contained the specific carbonate, but the effect due tocontaining only the specific compound (C) or the synergistic effect dueto containing both the specific compound (C) and the specific carbonateis not recognized.

Example Comparative Example Group D: Examples D1 to D42 and ComparativeExamples D1 to D17

Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary batteries were assembled by thefollowing procedure and their performances were evaluated. The resultsare shown in Tables 24 to 30.

[Preparation of Negative Electrode]

Preparation of Silicon Alloy Negative Electrode Examples D1 to D42 andComparative Examples D1 to D6>

The silicon alloy negative electrode was prepared by the same method asdescribed in the section <Preparation of silicon alloy negativeelectrode> of the above-mentioned [Example Comparative Example Group A].

Preparation of Graphite Negative Electrode Comparative Examples D7 toD17>

The graphite negative electrode was prepared by the same method asdescribed in the section <Preparation of graphite negative electrode> ofthe above-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

[Preparation of Positive Electrode]

The positive electrode was prepared by the same method as described inthe section <Preparation of positive electrode> of the above-mentioned[Example•Comparative Example Group A].

[Preparation of Non-Aqueous Liquid Electrolyte]

Compounds of [Specific carbonate], [Other compound] and [Specificcompound (D)] described in each [Example] and [Comparative Example] ofTables 24 to 30 appearing later were mixed in a ratio specified in eachcolumn of the Tables. LiPF₆ was dissolved further as electrolyte salt ata concentration of 1 mol·dm⁻³ to prepare the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte (non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of Examples D1 to D42 andComparative Examples D1 to D17).

[Preparation of Coin-Type Cell]

By using the above-mentioned positive electrode and negative electrode,and the non-aqueous liquid electrolytes prepared by the above-mentionedprocedure (non-aqueous liquid electrolytes of Examples D1 to D42 andComparative Examples D1 to D17), the coin-type cells (non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary batteries of Examples D1 to D42 and ComparativeExamples D1 to D17) were prepared by the same procedure as described in[Preparation of coin-type cell] of the above-mentioned [ExampleComparative Example Group A]. As negative electrode, the above-mentionedsilicon alloy negative electrode or graphite negative electrode wasselected and used, according to the description of [Negative electrode]column in each [Example] and [Comparative Example] of Tables 24 to 30appearing later.

[Evaluation of Coin-Type Cell (Discharge Capacity and Discharge CapacityRetention Rate)]

For the coin-type cells obtained by the above procedure (non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples D1 to D42 andComparative Examples D1 to D17), the discharge capacity and dischargecapacity retention rate were evaluated by the same procedure asdescribed in [Preparation of coin-type cell] [SIC] of theabove-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

Discharge capacities at the 1st and 10th cycles and discharge capacityretention rate (%) obtained for the coin-type cell of each Example andComparative Example are shown in the column of [Evaluation of the cell]of Tables 24 to 30 below. Each value of the discharge capacities shownin Tables 24 to 30 indicates capacity per unit weight ofnegative-electrode active material (mAh·g⁻¹). “wt %” indicates “weight%”.

TABLE 24 Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte Evaluation of the cell Specificcompound Capacity at Capacity at Discharge Negative Specific carbonateOther compound (D) 1st cycle 10th cycle capacity retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Ethyl 630570 90.5 D1 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate diethylphosphinate  (5 wt%) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Ethyl 626 555 88.7 D2 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate diethylphosphinate  (5 wt %) (35 wt % + 59.9 wt %) (0.1 wt%)   Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Ethyl 638 601 94.2D3 alloy carbonate (60 wt %) diethylphosphinate (39 wt %) (1 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Ethyl 632 586 92.7D4 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate diethylphosphinate (20 wt %) (18 wt% + 61 wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon 4,5- Ethylene carbonate + Ethyl631 579 91.8 D5 alloy diFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonatediethylphosphinate carbonate (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %)  (5 wt %)Example Silicon Vinylene Ethylene carbonate + Ethyl 619 520 84.0 D6alloy carbonate(5 wt %) Diethyl carbonate diethylphosphinate (34.5 wt% + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateEthyl 644 611 94.9 D7 alloy carbonate + (59 wt %) diethylphosphinateVinylene carbonate (1 wt %) (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Ethyl 640 603 94.2 D8 alloy carbonate +(59 wt %) diethylphosphinate Vinylethylene (1 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % +2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl 629569 90.5 D9 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate methylphosphonate  (5 wt%) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %)

TABLE 25 Evaluation of the cell Discharge Non-aqueous liquid electrolytecapacity Negative Specific carbonate Other compound Specific compound(D)Capacity at 1st Capacity at 10th retention electrode (Concentration)(Concentration) (Concentration) cycle (mAh · g⁻¹) cycle (mAh · g⁻¹) rate(%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl 624 55388.6 D10 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate methylphosphonate  (5 wt %)  (35 wt % + 59.9 wt %) (0.1 wt %)   Example Silicon FluoroethyleneDiethyl carbonate Dimethyl 637 601 94.3 D11 alloy carbonate (60 wt %)methylphosphonate (39 wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Dimethyl 631 584 92.6 D12 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate methylphosphonate (20 wt %) (18 wt % + 61 wt %) (1 wt %)Example Silicon 4,5-diFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl 630578 91.7 D13 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate methylphosphonate  (5 wt%) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon Vinylene carbonateEthylene carbonate + Dimethyl 620 522 84.2 D14 alloy  (5 wt %) Diethylcarbonate methylphosphonate (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Dimethyl 642 612 95.3 D15 alloycarbonate + (59 wt %) methylphosphonate Vinylene carbonate (1 wt %) (38wt % + 2 wt %)  Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateDimethyl 640 603 94.2 D16 alloy carbonate + (59 wt %) methylphosphonateVinylethylene (1 wt %) carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %)  Example SiliconFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Tributylphosphine oxide 628 565 90.3D17 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate (1 wt %)  (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % +59.5 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Tributylphosphine oxide 620 550 88.7 D18 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate (0.1 wt %)    (5 wt %)   (35 wt % + 59.9 wt %)

TABLE 26 Evaluation of the cell Discharge Non-aqueous liquid electrolytecapacity Negative Specific carbonate Other compound Specific compound(D)Capacity at 1st Capacity at 10th retention electrode (Concentration)(Concentration) (Concentration) cycle (mAh · g⁻¹) cycle (mAh · g⁻¹) rate(%) Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateTributylphosphine oxide 634 597 94.2 D19 carbonate (60 wt %) (1 wt %)(39 wt %) Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Tributylphosphine oxide 630 582 92.4 D20 carbonate Diethyl carbonate (1wt %) (20 wt %) (18 wt % + 61 wt %) Example Silicon alloy4,5-diFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Tributylphosphine oxide 628576 91.7 D21 carbonate Diethyl carbonate (1 wt %)  (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % +59.5 wt %) Example Silicon alloy Vinylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate +Tributylphosphine oxide 618 518 83.8 D22  (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonate (1wt %) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) Example Silicon alloy FluoroethyleneDiethyl carbonate Tributylphosphine oxide 640 610 95.3 D23 carbonate +(59 wt %) (1 wt %) Vinylene carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Siliconalloy Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Tributylphosphine oxide 638 60194.2 D24 carbonate + (59 wt %) (1 wt %) Vinylethylene carbonate (38 wt% + 2 wt %) Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Methyl 629 568 90.3 D25 carbonate Diethyl carbonatemethylphenylphosphinate  (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %)Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Methyl 635 60094.5 D26 carbonate (60 wt %) methylphenylphosphinste (39 wt %) (1 wt %)Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Methyl 642 60794.5 D27 carbonate + (59 wt %) methylphanylphosphinate Vinylenecarbonate (1 wt %) (38 wt % + 2 wt %)

TABLE 27 Evaluation of the cell Capacity Discharge Non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte at 1st Capacity at capacity Negative Specific carbonateOther compound Specific compound(D) cycle 10th cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl628 566 90.1 D28 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate phenylphosphonate  (5wt %) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneDiethyl carbonate Dimethyl 634 600 94.6 D29 alloy carbonate (60 wt %)phenylphosphonate (39 wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneDiethyl carbonate Dimethyl 641 610 95.2 D30 alloy carbonate + (59 wt %)phenylphosphonate Vinylene carbonate (1 wt %) (38 wt % + 2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Triphenylphosphine 625 56390.1 D31 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate oxide  (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % +59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateTriphenylphosphine 633 598 94.5 D32 alloy carbonate (60 wt %) oxide (39wt %) (1 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateTriphenylphosphine 640 607 94.8 D33 alloy carbonate + (59 wt %) oxideVinylene carbonate (1 wt %) (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Etyl diethylphosphinate + 630 56990.4 D34 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate Methyl  (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % +59.5 wt %) methylphenylphosphinate (0.5 wt % + 0.5 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Etyl diethylphosphinate + 637 600 94.3D35 alloy carbonate (60 wt %) Methyl (39 wt %) methylphenylphosphinate(0.5 wt % + 0.5 wt %)

TABLE 28 Evaluation of the cell Discharge Non-aqueous liquid electrolytecapacity Negative Specific carbonate Other compound Specific compound(D)Capacity at 1st Capacity at 10th retention electrode (Concentration)(Concentration) (Concentration) cycle (mAh · g⁻¹) cycle (mAh · g⁻¹) rate(%) Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Etyldiethylphosphinate + 641 609 95.0 D36 carbonate + (59 wt %)methylphenylphosphinate Vinylene carbonate (0.5 wt % + 0.5 wt %) (38 wt% + 2 wt %) Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Etyl diethylphosphinate + 629 568 90.3 D37 carbonate Diethyl carbonateDimethyl  (5 wt %) (34.5wt % + 59.5 wt %) methylphosphonate (0.5 wt % +0.5 wt %) Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Etyldiethylphosphinate + 638 602 94.4 D38 carbonate (60 wt %) Dimethyl (39wt %) methylphosphonate (0.5 wt % + 0.5 wt %) Example Silicon alloyFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Etyl diethylphosphinate + 643 612 95.2D39 carbonate + (59 wt %) Dimethyl Vinylene carbonate methylphosphonate(39 wt % + 2 wt %) (0.5 wt % + 0.5 wt %) Example Silicon alloyFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Etyl diethylphosphinate + 628 56890.4 D40 carbonate Diethyl carbonate tributylphosphine oxide  (5 wt %)(34.5wt % + 59.5 wt %) (0.5 wt % + 0.5 wt %) Example Silicon alloyFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Etyl diethylphosphinate + 637 599 94.0D1 carbonate (60 wt %) tributylphosphine oxide (39 wt %) (0.5 wt % + 0.5wt %) Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Etyldiethylphosphinate + 642 608 94.7 D42 carbonate + (59 wt %)tributylphosphine oxide Vinylene carbonate (0.5 wt % + 0.5 wt %) (38 wt% + 2 wt %)

TABLE 29 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific compound Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative Specificcarbonate Other compound (D) 1st cycle 10th cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Comparative Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + none615 494 80.3 Example alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate D1 (5 wt %) (35wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Silicon Vinylene carbonate Ethylenecarbonate + none 611 455 74.5 Example alloy (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonateD2 (35 wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylene carbonate +Ethyl 597 333 55.8 Example alloy Diethyl carbonate diethylphosphinate D3(36 wt % + 63 wt %) (1 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylenecarbonate + Dimethyl 595 330 55.5 Example alloy Diethyl carbonatemethylphosphonate D4 (36 wt % + 63 wt %) (1 wt %) Comparative Siliconnone Ethylene carbonate + Tributylphosphine 593 327 55.1 Example alloyDiethyl carbonate oxide D5 (36 wt % + 63 wt %) (1 wt %) ComparativeSilicon none Ethylene carbonate + none 601 341 56.7 Example alloyDiethyl carbonate D6 (37 wt % + 63 wt %) Comparative Graphite noneEthylene carbonate + none 338 274 81.1 Example Diethyl carbonate D7 (37wt % + 63 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylene carbonate + Etyl 334277 82.9 Example Diethyl carbonate diethylphosphinate D8 (36wt % + 63 wt%) (1 wt %) Comparative Graphite none Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl 333275 82.6 Example Diethyl carbonate methylphosphonate D9 (36 wt % + 63 wt%) (1 wt %)

TABLE 30 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific compound Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative Specificcarbonate Other compound (D) 1st cycle 10th cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Comparative Graphite none Ethylene carbonate +Tributylphosphine 329 274 83.3 Example Diethyl carbonate oxide D10 (36wt % + 63 wt %) (1 wt %) Comparative Graphite Vinylene carbonateEthylene carbonate + none 342 301 88.0 Example  (5 wt %) Diethylcarbonate D11 (35 wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Graphite FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Etyl 335 247 73.7 Example carbonate Diethylcarbonate diethylphosphinate D12  (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt%) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Dimethyl 331240 72.5 Example carbonate Diethyl carbonate methylphosphonate D13  (5wt %) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) (1 wt %) Comparative GraphiteFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Tributylphosphinate 325 235 72.3Example carbonate Diethyl carbonate (1 wt %) D14  (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % +59.5 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Etyl328 220 67.1 Example carbonate (60 wt %) diethylphosphinate D15 (39 wt%) (1 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateDimethyl 326 217 66.6 Example carbonate (60 wt %) methylphosphonate D16(39 wt %) (1 wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateTributylphosphinate 323 213 65.9 Example carbonate (60 wt %) (1 wt %)D17 (39 wt %)

The results shown in Tables 24 to 30 above indicate the following.

In Examples D1 to D42, where non-aqueous liquid electrolyte containingthe specific compound (D) and the specific carbonate was used, thedischarge capacity retention rate is improved remarkably in comparisonwith Comparative Example D6, where non-aqueous liquid electrolytecontaining neither the specific compound (D) nor the specific carbonatewas used.

In contrast, in Comparative Examples D3 to D5, where non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte containing only the specific compound (D) was used, thedischarge capacity retention rate is not improved in comparison withComparative Example D6. The capacity retentions of Comparative ExamplesD1 and D2, where non-aqueous liquid electrolyte containing only thespecific carbonate was used, are improved but still far inferior tothose of Examples D1 to D42.

On the other hand, in Comparative Examples D7 to D17, only carbonmaterial was used as negative-electrode active material. The non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of Comparative Example D7 contained no specificcompound (D) or specific carbonate. The non-aqueous liquid electrolytesof Comparative Examples D8 to D10 contained only the specific compound(D). The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of Comparative Example D11contained only the specific carbonate. The non-aqueous liquidelectrolytes of Comparative Examples D12 to D17 contained the specificcompound (D) and the specific carbonate.

In Examples D1 to D42, where the negative-electrode active material wassilicon alloy, the discharge capacity is high in comparison withComparative Examples D7 to D17, where the negative-electrode activematerial consisted only of carbon material. When the negative-electrodeactive material was carbon material, comparison among ComparativeExamples D7 to D17 indicates improvement in discharge capacity retentionrate due to that the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte contained thespecific carbonate, but the effect due to containing only the specificcompound (D) or the synergistic effect due to containing both thespecific compound (D) and the specific carbonate is not recognized.

Example Comparative Example Group E: Examples E1 to E44 and ComparativeExamples E1 to E9

Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary batteries were assembled by thefollowing procedure and their performances were evaluated. The resultsare shown in Tables 31 to 37.

[Preparation of Negative Electrode]

Preparation of Silicon Alloy Negative Electrode Examples E1 to E44 andComparative Examples E1 to E4

The silicon alloy negative electrode was prepared by the same method asdescribed in the section <Preparation of silicon alloy negativeelectrode> of the above-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

Preparation of Graphite Negative Electrode Comparative Examples E5 to E9

The graphite negative electrode was prepared by the same method asdescribed in the section <Preparation of graphite negative electrode> ofthe above-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

[Preparation of Positive Electrode]

The positive electrode was prepared by the same method as described inthe section <Preparation of positive electrode> of the above-mentioned[Example•Comparative Example Group A].

[Preparation of Non-Aqueous Liquid Electrolyte]

Compounds of [Specific carbonate], [Other compound] and [Specificcompound (E)] described in each [Example] and [Comparative Example] ofTables 31 to 37 appearing later were mixed in a ratio specified in eachcolumn of the Tables. LiPF₆ was dissolved further as electrolyte salt ata concentration of 1 mol·dm⁻³ to prepare the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte (non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of Examples E1 to E44 andComparative Examples E1 to E9).

[Preparation of Coin-Type Cell]

By using the above-mentioned positive electrode and negative electrode,and the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte prepared by the above-mentionedprocedure (non-aqueous liquid electrolyte of Examples E1 to E44 andComparative Examples E1 to E9), the coin-type cells (non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary batteries of Examples E1 to E44 and ComparativeExamples E1 to E9) were prepared by the same procedure as described in[Preparation of coin-type cell] of the above-mentioned[Example•Comparative Example Group A]. As negative electrode, theabove-mentioned silicon alloy negative electrode or graphite negativeelectrode was selected and used, according to the description of[Negative electrode] column in each [Example] and [Comparative Example]of Tables 31 to 37 appearing later.

[Evaluation of Coin-Type Cell (Discharge Capacity and Discharge CapacityRetention Rate)]

For the coin-type cells obtained by the above procedure (non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples E1 to E44 andComparative Examples E1 to E9), the discharge capacity and dischargecapacity retention rate were evaluated by the same procedure asdescribed in [Preparation of coin-type cell] [SIC] of theabove-mentioned [Example•Comparative Example Group A].

Discharge capacities at the 1st and 10th cycles and discharge capacityretention rate (%) obtained for the coin-type cell of each Examples andComparative Examples are shown in the column of [Evaluation of the cell]of Tables 31 to 37 below. Each value of the discharge capacities shownin Tables 31 to 37 indicates capacity per unit weight ofnegative-electrode active material (mAh·g⁻¹). “wt %” indicates “weight%”.

TABLE 31 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte CapacityCapacity Discharge Specific at 1st at 10th capacity Negative Specificcarbonate Other compound compound(E) cycle cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Cyclohexylbenzene 631 569 90.2 E1 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate (2wt %) (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) Example Silicon FluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Cyclohexylbenzene 627 557 88.8 E2 alloy carbonateDiethyl carbonate (1 wt %) (5 wt %) (34.5 wt % + 59.5 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Cyclohexylbenzene 637 601 94.3E3 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) (2 wt %) (39 wt %)  Example SiliconFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Cyclohexylbenzene 633 588 92.9 E4alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate (2 wt %) (20 wt %)  (17.5 wt % + 60.5wt %) Example Silicon Vinylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate +Cyclohexylbenzene 620 522 84.2 E5 alloy (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonate (2 wt%) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) Example Silicon 4,5-difluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Cyclohexylbenzene 634 582 91.8 E6 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate (2 wt %) (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Cyclohexylbenzene 641 607 94.7 E7 alloycarbonate + (58 wt %) (2 wt %) Vinylene carbonate (38 wt % + 2 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Cyclohexylbenzene 640604 94.4 E8 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %) (2 wt %) Vinylethylene carbonate(38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Biphenyl 629 563 89.5 E9 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate (2 wt %) (5wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %)

TABLE 32 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte CapacityCapacity Discharge Specific at 1st at 10th capacity Negative Specificcarbonate Other compound compound(E) cycle cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example Silicon 4,5- Ethylene carbonate + Biphenyl 631 565 89.5E10 alloy difluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate (2 wt %) carbonate (34 wt% + 59 wt %)  (5 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonateBiphenyl 634 595 93.8 E11 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) (2 wt %) (39 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Biphenyl 639 601 94.1E12 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %) (2 wt %) Vinylene carbonate (38 wt % + 2wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +1-cyclohexyl-4- 633 573 92.3 E13 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatefluorobenzene  (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon4,5- Ethylene carbonate + 1-cyclohexyl-4- 638 589 90.5 E14 alloydifluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate fluorobenzene carbonate (34 wt % + 59wt %) (2 wt %)  (5 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethylcarbonate 1-cyclohexyl-4- 640 605 94.5 E15 alloy carbonate (59 wt %)fluorobenzene (39 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethylcarbonate 1-cyclohexyl-4- 643 611 95.0 E16 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %)fluorobenzene Vinylene carbonate (2 wt %) (38 wt % + 2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + 1-cyclohexyl-2- 633 571 90.2E17 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate fluorobenzene  (5 wt %) (34 wt % +59 wt %) (2 wt %))

TABLE 33 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific compound Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative Specificcarbonate Other compound (E) 1st cycle 10th cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹)(mAh · g⁻¹) (%) Example Silicon alloy 4,5-difluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + 1-cyclohexyl-2- 635 573 90.2 E18. carbonate Diethylcarbonate fluorobenzene  (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %)) ExampleSilicon alloy Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate 1-cyclohexyl-2- 638 60094.1 E19 carbonate (59 wt %) fluorobenzene (39 wt %) (2 wt %) ExampleSilicon alloy Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate 1-cyclohexyl-2- 641 60794.7 E20 carbonate + (58 wt %) fluorobenzene Vinylene carbonate (38 wt% + 2 wt %) Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +Cyclohexyl 634 574 90.5 E21 carbonate Diethyl carbonate fluorobenzene (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (a mixture in which 1.2-isomer: 1.4-isomer = 3:7) (2 wt %) Example Silicon alloy 4,5-difluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + Cyclohexyl 637 591 92.8 E22 carbonate Diethylcarbonate fluorobenzene  (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (a mixture inwhich 1.2-isomer: 1.4- isomer = 3:7) (2 wt %) Example Silicon alloyFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Cyclohexyl 641 606 94.5 E23 carbonate(59 wt %) fluorobenzene (39 wt %) (a mixture in which 1.2-isomer: 1.4-isomer = 3:7) (2 wt %) Example Silicon alloy Fluoroethylene Diethylcarbonate Cyclohexyl 644 912 95.0 E24 carbonate + (59 wt %)fluorobenzene Vinylene carbonate (a mixture in which (38 wt % + 2 wt %)1.2-isomer: 1.4- isomer = 3:7) (2 wt %)

TABLE 34 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative Specific carbonateOther compound compound(E) 1st cycle 10th cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +1-cyclohexyl-3- 626 556 88.8 E25 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatephenylbenzene (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon4,5-difluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + 1-cyclohexyl-3- 628 570 90.8E26 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate phenylbenzene (5 wt %) (34 wt % +59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate1-cyclohexyl-3- 630 580 92.1 E27 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) phenylbenzene(39 wt %)  (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate1-cyclohexyl-3- 633 587 92.7 E28 alloy carbonate + (58 wt %)phenylbenzene Vinylene carbonate (2 wt %) (38 wt % + 2 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + 1,3-diphenyl 630 566 89.8E29 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate cyclohexane (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon 4,5-difluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +1,3-diphenyl 632 582 92.1 E30 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatecyclohexane (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate 1,3-diphenyl 635 598 94.2 E31 alloycarbonate (59 wt %) cyclohexane (39 wt %)  (2 wt %) Example SiliconFluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate 1,3-diphenyl 642 606 94.4 E32 alloycarbonate + (58 wt %) cyclohexane Vinylene carbonate (2 wt %)) (38 wt% + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +partially- 627 564 90.0 E33 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatehydrogenated 1.3- (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) diphenylbenzene (2 wt %)

TABLE 35 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative Specific carbonateOther compound compound(E) 1st cycle 10th cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example Silicon 4,5-difluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +partially- 629 577 91.7 E34 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonatehydrogenated 1,3- (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) diphenylbenzene (2 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate partially- 630 594 94.3E35 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) hydrogenated 1,3- (39 wt %) diphenylbenzene (2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethylcarbonate partially- 640 605 94.5 E36 alloy carbonate + (59 wt %)hydrogenated 1,3- Vinylene carbonate diphenylbenzene (38 wt % + 2 wt %)(2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + (1,1- 626551 88.0 E37 alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate dimethylethyl)benzene (5wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %) Example Silicon 4,5-difluoroethyleneEthylene carbonate + (1,1- 628 563 89.6 E38 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate dimethylethyl)benzene (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate (1,1- 637 592 92.9 E39alloy carbonate (59 wt %) dimethylethyl)benzene (39 wt %)  (2 wt %)Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate (1,1- 637 592 92.9 E40alloy carbonate + (59 wt %) dimethylethyl)benzene Vinylene carbonate (2wt %) (38 wt % + 2 wt %) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylenecarbonate + Fluorobenzene 633 576 91.0 E41 alloy carbonate Diethylcarbonate (2 wt %) (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) Example Silicon4,5-difluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + Fluorobenzene 635 587 92.4 E42alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate (2 wt %) (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %)

TABLE 36 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte CapacityCapacity Discharge Specific at 1st at 10th capacity Negative Specificcarbonate Other compound compound(E) cycle cycle retention electrode(Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹) (mAh · g⁻¹)rate (%) Example Silicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate Fluorobenzene639 604 94.5 E43 alloy carbonate (59 wt %) (2 wt %) (39 wt %) ExampleSilicon Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate partially- 640 605 94.5 E44alloy carbonate + (58 wt %) hydrogenated Vinylene carbonate 1,3- (38 wt% + 2 wt %) diphenylbenzene (2 wt %)

TABLE 37 Evaluation of the cell Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte DischargeSpecific compound Capacity at Capacity at capacity Negative Specificcarbonate Other compound (E) 1st cycle 10th cycle retention rateelectrode (Concentration) (Concentration) (Concentration) (mAh · g⁻¹)(mAh · g⁻¹) (%) Comparative Silicon Fluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate +none 615 494 80.3 Example alloy carbonate Diethyl carbonate E1 (5 wt %)(35 wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Silicon Vinylene carbonate Ethylenecarbonate + none 611 455 74.5 Example alloy (5 wt %) Diethyl carbonateE2 (35 wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylene carbonate +cyclohexyl 598 335 56.0 Example alloy Diethyl carbonate benzene E3 (36wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Silicon none Ethylene carbonate +none 601 341 56.7 Example alloy Diethyl carbonate E4 (37 wt % + 63 wt %)Comparative Graphite none Ethylene carbonate + none 338 274 81.1 ExampleDiethyl carbonate E5 (37 wt % + 63 wt %) Comparative Graphite noneEthylene carbonate + cyclohexyl 335 278 83.0 Example Diethyl carbonatebenzene E6 (36 wt % + 62 wt %) (2 wt %) Comparative Graphite Vinylenecarbonate Ethylene carbonate + none 342 301 88.0 Example (5 wt %)Diethyl carbonate E7 (35 wt % + 60 wt %) Comparative GraphiteFluoroethylene Ethylene carbonate + cyclohexyl 335 250 74.6 Examplecarbonate Diethyl carbonate benzene E8 (5 wt %) (34 wt % + 59 wt %) (2wt %) Comparative Graphite Fluoroethylene Diethyl carbonate cyclohexyl330 224 67.9 Example carbonate (59 wt %) benzene E9 (39 wt %)  (2 wt %)

The results shown in Tables 31 to 37 above indicate the following.

In Examples E1 to E44, where non-aqueous liquid electrolyte containingthe specific compound (E) and the specific carbonate was used, thedischarge capacity retention rate after the cycle test is improvedremarkably in comparison with Comparative Example E4, where non-aqueousliquid electrolyte containing neither the specific compound (E) nor thespecific carbonate was used.

In Comparative Example E3, where non-aqueous liquid electrolytecontaining only the specific compound (E) and no specific carbonate wasused, the capacity retention rate is lowered in comparison withComparative Example E4. The discharge capacity retention rates ofComparative Examples E1 and E2, where non-aqueous liquid electrolytecontaining only the specific carbonate and no specific compound (E) wasused, are improved but still far inferior to those of Examples E1 toE44.

On the other hand, in Comparative Examples E5 to E9, only carbonmaterial was used as negative-electrode active material. The non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of Comparative Example E5 contained no specificcompound (E) or specific carbonate. The non-aqueous liquid electrolyteof Comparative Example E6 contained only the specific compound (E) andno specific carbonate. It is evident from the comparison between thedischarge capacity retention rates of Comparative Example E5 andComparative Example E6 that the discharge capacity retention rate isimproved due to containing the specific compound (E). The non-aqueousliquid electrolyte of Comparative Example E7 contained only the specificcarbonate and no specific compound (E). It is evident from thecomparison between the discharge capacity retention rates of ComparativeExample E5 and Comparative Example E7 that the discharge capacityretention rate is improved due to containing the specific carbonate. Onthe other hand, it is evident from comparing the discharge capacityretention rates of Comparative Examples E8 and E9, where the non-aqueousliquid electrolyte contained the specific compound (E) and the specificcarbonate, with that of Comparative Example E5, where neither thespecific compound (E) nor the specific carbonate was contained, that thedischarge capacity retention rate is lowered.

In Examples E1 to E44, where the negative-electrode active material wassilicon alloy, the discharge capacity is high in comparison withComparative Examples E5 to E9, where the negative-electrode activematerial consisted only of carbon material. And as described above, whenthe negative-electrode active material was carbon material, improvementin discharge capacity retention rate can be recognized when thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte contained either the specific carbonateor the specific compound (E). However, the discharge capacity retentionrate was worse when containing both the specific compound (E) and thespecific carbonate than when containing none of them or either of them.

On the other hand, when the negative-electrode active material wassilicon alloy, the discharge capacity retention rate is worse in cellsusing liquid electrolyte containing only the specific compound (E) andno specific carbonate than in cells using liquid electrolyte containingneither the specific compound (E) nor the specific carbonate, but it isevident that the discharge capacity retention rate is improved in cellsusing liquid electrolyte containing both the specific carbonate and thespecific compound (E).

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery of the presentinvention is excellent in long-term charge-discharge cycle performanceand, therefore, can be used as power source of notebook personalcomputers, pen-input personal computers, mobile personal computers,electronic book players, cellular phones, portable facsimiles, portablecopiers, portable printers, headphone stereos, videotape cameras, liquidcrystal display televisions, handy cleaners, portable CD players, minidisc players, transceivers, electronic databooks, electroniccalculators, memory cards, portable tape recorders, radios, backup powersources, motors, lighting fixtures, toys, game machines, watches,stroboscopes, cameras, load leveling of power etc. and can also be usedfor electric bicycle, electric scooter, electric car etc.

The present invention has been explained in detail above with referenceto specific embodiments. However, it is evident to those skilled in theart that various modifications can be added thereto without departingfrom the intention and the scope of the present invention.

The present application is based on Japanese Patent Application (PatentApplication No. 2006-124041) filed on Apr. 27, 2006, Japanese PatentApplication (Patent Application No. 2006-124042) filed on Apr. 27, 2006,Japanese Patent Application (Patent Application No. 2006-124043) filedon April 27, Japanese Patent Application (Patent Application No.2006-124044) filed on Apr. 27, 2006 and Japanese Patent Application(Patent Application No. 2006-124045) filed on April 27, and theirentireties are incorporated herewith by reference.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondarybattery, comprising: a negative electrode comprising graphite and anegative-electrode active material containing Si atoms, a positiveelectrode capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions, anda non-aqueous liquid electrolyte comprising a carbonate having a halogenatom selected from the group consisting of fluoroethylene carbonate,difluoroethylene carbonate and mixtures thereof, and (A) at least onefirst lithium salt selected from the group consisting of LiPF₆ and LiBF₄and at least one second lithium salt, which is different from the firstlithium salt, and is represented by the formula (A-1):Li_(l)(α_(m)X^(a) _(n))  (A-1) wherein l represents an integer of 1 orlarger and 10 or smaller, m represents an integer of 1 or larger and 100or smaller, and n represents an integer of 1 or larger and 200 orsmaller, α represents any atom selected from the group consisting ofboron atom, carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom and phosphorus atom;when m is 2 or larger, the two or more of α may be the same as ordifferent from each other, X^(a) represents a functional group having atleast one kind of atom selected from 14 group to 17 group of theperiodic table at its binding position to the α, when n is 2 or larger,the two or more of X^(a) may be the same or different from each other,in addition, two or more X^(a) may be connected to each other to form aring structure, except such a compound in which α is boron atom andX^(a) is represented by(C_(i)H_(2(i-2))O₄)(C_(j)H_(2(j-2))O₄) wherein, i and j each represent,independently of each other, an integer of 2 or larger, and wherein theconcentration of the first lithium salt in the non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte is 0.5 mol/liter to 2.5 mol/liter, the concentration of thesecond lithium salt in the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte is 0.001mol/liter to 1 mol/liter, and the molar ratio of the second lithium saltrelative to the first lithium salt is 1 or smaller.
 2. The non-aqueousliquid electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein a isboron atom or phosphorus atom, and X^(a) is a substituent selected fromthe group consisting of fluorine atom, hydrocarbon group, substitutedcarbonyloxy group, alkoxy group, substituted sulfinyloxy group andsubstituted sulfonyloxy group, wherein when X^(a) is a hydrocarbongroup, substituted carbonyloxy group, alkoxy group, substitutedsulfinyloxy group or substituted sulfonyloxy group, a part or all of thehydrogen atoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom, and when X^(a)exists plurally, they may be different from or the same as each otherand may be connected to each other to form a ring structure.
 3. Thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,wherein a is carbon atom, nitrogen atom or oxygen atom, and Xa is agroup represented by —SO₂ R^(a0), wherein R^(a0) represents fluorineatom or a hydrocarbon group; when Rao is a hydrocarbon group, a part orall of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a fluorine atom, and,when the number of X^(a) is two or more, the two or more of R^(a0) maybe the same or different from each other and further, the two or more ofRao may be connected to each other to form a ring structure.
 4. Thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,wherein the concentration of the carbonate having a halogen atom in thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte is 0.01 weight % to 70 weight %.
 5. Thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,wherein the carbonate having a halogen atom is fluoroethylene carbonate.6. The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery according toclaim 1, wherein the non-aqueous liquid electrolyte further comprisesethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate.
 7. The non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte further comprises at least one carbonateselected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethylcarbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl-n-propyl carbonate, ethyl-n-propylcarbonate and di-n-propyl carbonate.
 8. The non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the firstlithium salt is LiPF₆.
 9. The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondarybattery according to claim 1, wherein the first lithium salt is LiBF₄.10. The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery according toclaim 1, wherein a represents a boron atom.
 11. The A non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein a representsa carbon atom.
 12. The non-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary batteryaccording to claim 1, wherein a represents a nitrogen atom.
 13. Thenon-aqueous liquid electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1,wherein a represents an oxygen atom.
 14. The non-aqueous liquidelectrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein a representsa phosphorus atom.